As the communication industry’s most large scale and influence of the exhibition, the mobile world congress (MWC) for mobile phone industry has an important influence on the future. In the end, just MWC2010 we also see a lot of new products and technology. After all, we have analyzed the exhibition in the brand-new appear four operating system (click here to view), today, we will pass through this exhibition on some hardware technology to understand the mobile phone industry development in the future. Hardware is a product of the foundation, and the MWC2010, we can see some significant hardware.A processor technologiesIntelligent mobile processor actually has been steadily improved performance, low power to the direction of development. In 2009, qualcomm Snapdragon processor that smart phones into GHz era, and in the MWC2010, chip venders launch new products not only higher frequencies, heralds the new changes: future mobile processor, the hypercore processor will appear in the high-end smartphone.In MWC2010 Ericsson, ST – and Texas instruments are introduced Cortext ARM processor architectures A9). In the Cortex than current A9 mainstream of Cortex – A8 processor, and can achieve higher in the SMP, which can realize dual-core products, even four processors with excellent performance and consumption ratio (ST U8500 Ericsson – with a piece of frequency of dual-core GHz twleve Cortext ARM processor). The A9 In the future, will be more relaxed high-end smartphone to video playback, such as HD, perfect browse the Internet applications such as 3D games, bring better user experience.Except the central processor, in MWC2010, image processing chip technology has also further ascent, future phones will shoot pictures and video higher pixels, such as NEC display a chip CE151 had high-definition video 1920 x 1080 pixel filming processing ability.Second, the display technologyIn this MWC2010, samsung S8500 launched by a mobile phone, which not only because it USES samsung bada operation system, but also because it is the world’s first SuperAMOLED screen using the phone. This is the latest technology, samsung screen after represents high-end compared AMOLED screen, SuperAMOLED can provide five times, and the image quality will be sunshine point-blank at the visibility ascending 20%.On another phone i8520 samsung, also the application SuperAMOLED screen size, and more. However, this phone in another weapon in display, which is a built-in projectors, can be the DLP micro phone screen display screen amplified in. From last year to year, especially in CES2010 and the MWC2010, we have seen many built-in projectors, mobile phone, and quite small external projector configuration, in the future, projection techniques will become the development of mobile phone functions in a new direction.From the black and white screen, STN TFT colour screens, OLED color, AMOLED, until now, the SuperAMOLED cellphone screen material development brings more excellent display effect, Mobile phone screen size 2 inches from 1 inch, high-end product development in more than four inches, screen products will not unusual, projection techniques for mobile phone screen can be displayed on the screen of the larger. As the function of mobile display technology development platform, display various applications will drive the development of mobile phones.Third, the battery technologyIn the processor, screen technology development, at the same time for mobile phones are more important for a technology is also very popular attention, that is, battery technology. If the battery technology development, the development of mobile phone is a legs. Despite the processor, screen is in pursuit of high performance, low power consumption, but if need handset provides more long endurance, not only to throttle, for open source.So, all over the world for “low carbon” in life, samsung, puma/sagem mobile manufacturers in the concept of environmental protection MWC brings the new airport, and can make use of solar energy for mobile phone battery. Solar cell phone battery is not a new technology, however, more and more mobile phone manufacturers begin to pay close attention to this area, and that this technology will have better and faster development. We also anticipate future phones in new energy has greater breakthrough.Summary:Besides above microprocessor technology, display and power technology in this exhibition, we also saw the development of such as storage technology, etc. These hardware technology, is the base for the development of mobile phone function. Of course, want to achieve better stronger function, mobile phone in software and application are also important, in the future, we will bring you to the analytical, attention please.

Solar energy is the inexhaustible renewable energy. Also clean energy, do not produce any pollution. In the effective use of solar energy, Can use is the sun arises in photoelectric the fastest, most vigorous development of research field, is one of the most of the project.

Make solar battery is mainly based on semiconductor materials, its working principle is using photoelectric material absorb the light after conversion reaction, according to the photoelectric from different materials and solar cell can be divided into: 1, silicon solar battery, 2 and inorganic salt as gallium arsenide III – V compounds, cadmium sulphide, copper indium selenium, multiple compound material for the battery, 3 and the sun arises functional polymer battery can, 4 and nanocrystalline solar battery, etc.

A, silicon solar battery

1 silicon solar cells work principle and structure

Solar power is the main principle of the photoelectric effect, semiconductor semiconductor main structure is as follows:

In the figure, the positive and negative silicon atom says that in the next round of four electronic silicon atom.
When the silicon crystals of adding other impurities, such as boron, phosphorus, when adding boron, silicon crystals will exist in a hole, it can refer to form below:

In the figure, the positive and negative silicon atom says that in the next round of four electronic silicon atom. And yellow said adding of boron atom, because only three around boron atom electronic, so will produce the blue shown into the hole, this hole because no electronic and became very unstable, easy absorption and electronic form, and the lack of semiconductor (P).
Also, with phosphorus atoms, because the phosphorus, so there are five atom electronic it will have a very active, electronic form N (visitors) type semiconductor. Yellow is the nucleus, red phosphorus is redundant electronics. The diagram below.

N type semiconductor contains more cavities and P type semiconductor contains more electronic, so, when P type and N type semiconductor together, will be in contact DianShiCha form, this is PN junction.

When P type and N type semiconductor together, in two kinds of semiconductor boundary region will form a special thin layer), the interface of the P type side negatively charged MMH, N side. This is due to the P type semiconductor cavity, N type semiconductor more than free electrons, appeared concentration. The electronic will spread to N, P the cavitation zone P will spread to N area, once the diffusion is formed by a point P “N”, to prevent inside field spread. After the balance, formed a special form of thin layers, which is DianShiCha PN junction.

When the chips are light, PN junction, N type semiconductor cavity to P type, and moving toward the P type electronic n-type area movement, thus forming from n-type area to P type of current. Then DianShiCha formed in PN junction, which formed the power. (shown below),

Due to the semiconductor not good conductors of electricity and electronics in n and p – through after in the semiconductor, if the resistance is very big, the loss is very big. But if all painted in the upper metal, sunshine is not produced by current cannot use metal mesh, so usually covered p – n “(pictured), comb electrodes to increase the area of incident light.
Another very bright, silicon surface will be reflected off of sunlight, cannot be battery using. Therefore, the scientists give it painted with a layer of reflection coefficient of very small diaphragm (pictured), will reflect the loss to 5% even smaller. A battery can provide the current and voltage, after all, so people will be limited battery (usually many 36) parallel connection or use, form of solar photovoltaic plate.

2 the silicon solar cell production process

Usually the crystalline silicon solar cells in the thickness is 3.5-450 muon m high quality silicon wafer, and this made on from the ingot casting tiras or saw on.

The method of the actual amount of silicone material more. In order to save material, there were more than batteries by polysilicon film chemical vapor deposition, including chemical vapor deposition (low LPCVD) and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique process. In addition, the liquid phase epitaxy (LPPE) and sputtering method can also be used for preparation of polysilicon film batteries.

Chemical vapor deposition is mainly SiH2Cl2, SiHCl3, SiCl4 or SiH4, for certain gases under the protective atmosphere reacts silicon atom and deposition in the heat of the substrate is generally selected Si substrate materials, etc., Si3N4 and SiO2 But the study found that in the silicon substrate to form larger grain, and easy in grain formed between the gap. To solve this problem is to use LPCVD deposition in the substrate a thin layer of amorphous silicon, the layer of amorphous silicon layer of annealing, get bigger grain, and then again in the seeds deposited on the wafer polysilicon film thickness, therefore, recrystallization technology is an important part of the current technology, main solid-phase crystallization and central melting recrystallization method. Poly membrane batteries used in recrystallization processes, almost all other USES for preparation of monocrystalline silicon solar energy cell technology, so that the solar cell can obviously improve the efficiency of conversion.

3 and nanocrystalline chemical solar cells

In silicon solar cells in the development of solar battery is undoubtedly the most mature, but due to the high cost, cannot satisfy the requirement of large-scale promotion application. Therefore, people have been constantly in technology, the new material, the battery film etc are explored, and the recent development of nanometer TiO2 energy crystal solar cell and scientists.

To dye sensitization nanocrystal solar battery (for example, this DSSCs) battery including transparent conductive film coated glass of basement, dye sensitization semiconductor materials, such as electrolyte of electrode parts.

As shown, white, red balls ball TiO2 said that dye molecules. Dye molecules absorb solar energy transition to excited excited, unstable, electronic quickly into adjacent TiO2, dye with lost quickly from electrolyte of electronic is compensated, TiO2 into the electricity in the final with conductive film and then enter through the outer loop current generated.

Nano TiO2 crystal solar cell’s advantage is that it is cheap cost and simple technology and stable performance. The photoelectric efficiency in production cost, only 10% for silicon solar cell 1/5 ~ 10. Life can reach 20 years. But because of this research and development of the battery has just started, estimates that the future will be progressively market.

Anode: dye sensitization TiO2 film (film) semiconductor

The cathode: platinum coated conductive glass

Electrolytes I3: I – - /

Dye battery application model:

Four, dye sensitization TiO2 solar cells handmade

1 make tio2 membrane

(1) the titanium dioxide powder into mortar and binders grinding

(2) then glass rod slowly in the conductive glass on the coating

(3) tio2 membrane in alcohol under the lamp sintering 10 ~ 15 minutes, then cooling

2 for the use of natural dye tio2 colouring

As shown, fresh and frozen blackberries, ShanMei, pomegranate seed or black tea, plus a tablespoon of water and the titanium dioxide film extrusion, then put on coloring, about 5 minutes, until the membrane layer into purple, if both sides membrane layer of non-uniform, can put into soak 5 minutes, then wash with ethanol, and soft paper gently dry.

3. Make the positive electrode

The shaded by the dye for electronic outflow of TiO2 an anode (namely). The positive electrode can be conductive glass of conductive plane (coated with conductive SnO2 membrane layer), using a simple multimeter can judge the side of the glass is conductive, use finger can also make judgment, conductive face relatively coarse. As shown, the conductive surface marked ‘+’, then use a pencil in the conductive face evenly coated graphite.

4. Add electrolyte

Using the iodine ion of solar battery electrolyte solution as, it is mainly used for reduction and regeneration of dyes. As shown on the membrane surface in titanium, add one to two drops electrolyte.

5 assembly batteries

After the coloring of tio2 membrane facing up on the table, in the film for one to two drops it drops containing iodine ion of electrolyte and iodine, then take the positive electrode conductive tio2 membrane facing down at. The two pieces of glass, use two little stagger the battery clamps, two pieces of glass exposed wires connected to the part. So, you just made of solar cells.

6 batteries testing

Outside the sunlight, detection you can generate electricity solar cells.

China is the world’s largest solar batteries manufacturing base. But Chinese solar battery enterprise embarrassed, the Chinese government will build the world largest solar power to a U.S. olive.
American local time on September 8, China’s government and American first solar energy company signed memorandum FirstSolar (), both in Inner Mongolia ordos construction plan of 200 million kilowatts of solar power plants. This will be the world’s largest solar power plant, for 300 million households.
In two weeks ago, the Chinese government has formally, polycrystalline silicon solar cell industry and repetitive construction phenomenon. At this juncture, the Chinese government and the solar energy company why the solar power plant start-up ordos high-profile projects?
One reason is probably the first solar companies not polycrystalline silicon solar energy cell attack. Actually, the company is the leader of the film solar battery technology.
The super large orders and film solar cells portends in China and in the world to get more.
Polysilicon surplus
And the first solar energy company, China’s enterprises of production are basically polycrystalline silicon solar energy cell, its main raw material for polysilicon.
Compared with the film solar cells, polycrystalline silicon solar photoelectric conversion efficiency is higher. Film solar cells usually less than 10%, and polycrystalline silicon solar energy cell mostly in more than 14%.
But the biggest advantage of film solar cells, can not use expensive silicon, materials needed less polycrystalline silicon solar energy consumption is significantly below polycrystalline silicon solar energy cell.
Of course, the film solar higher technical difficulties, considered polycrystalline silicon solar energy cell after the next generation of technology.
A few years ago, because of polycrystalline silicon shortage, the international market prices of polysilicon once per ton hundreds of dollars. In this context, the local Chinese more polysilicon production horse. As a result of overcapacity, plus the financial crisis, the price of polysilicon dropped substantially.
On August 26, the standing committee of state council meeting, wind and polycrystalline industries are considered “duplicate construction.
On the same day, ministry of industry and information in the ZhuHongRen chief engineer at a conference also said: “the solar, wind and other emerging industry repetitive construction, disorder of problem cannot be ignored.”
Meanwhile, in the process of polysilicon production energy consume, and four chlorinated silicon toxic by-product pollution to the environment, and also has a lot of criticism.
Because China’s polycrystalline silicon solar energy cell product export to the most developed countries, some image to call “consumption, pollution,”.
In polycrystalline silicon solar energy cell was preoccupied elsewhere in the solar battery, family members – another film solar cells to very conspicuous.
Film
Over the past few years, the production of film solar cells in high-speed growth.
According to a market research company DisplaySearch released in August 11, the solar cell production trends report, 2009 film solar cells productivity for 358 million kilowatts.
The report also shows that the company in 2005, film solar cells in the whole solar battery capacity of about 5% of the 2009, is expected to exceed 20%.
China’s power investment group Co., LTD, a xian solar power for the technical personnel news of scientific explanation: “just as its name implies, the film is a layer of film battery will be prepared to solar battery, due to its use silicon rarely, easier to reduce costs.
The technical personnel also said: “is a kind of thin film solar energy efficient products, but also more easily with the perfect combination of building materials in the international market. Continuous tense silicon thin film solar cells, under the background of international pv market has become a new trend in the development of new and hot.”
At present, mainly including film solar cells silicon-based solar cells, the thin film solar cells cadmium tellurium, copper indium gallium selenium film solar cells, etc. With the first solar companies as a representative of the cadmium tellurium film solar cells technology were the most common.
In the film solar cells on the market, the leader is the United States, Japan and other countries of the enterprise. But some Chinese solar cell production enterprises in this new film solar cells and unwilling to lag behind.
On September 9th, located in heibei baoding tianwei the change of the listed company, the company announced subsidiary tianwei film will invest more than 30 million yuan, the construction of 15 million kilowatts of amorphous silicon thin film solar cells phase ii project.
More than two months ago, tianwei film of 465 million kilowatts of amorphous silicon thin film solar cell production line has been put into production, the initial photoelectric conversion efficiency at around 8%.
Besides, the immortal DE solar, tianwei suntech will also have such production or film solar cells line. However, these enterprises of production technology film solar cells are imported from abroad.
Thin film solar cells, but the prospect is not without risk.
China electronics materials industry association LiQingYan told the news of the science and technology and cost due to factors such as the next time, polycrystalline silicon solar battery will continue as the main industries.
“At present, film solar cells in the proportion of solar cell industry in China only 10%. The next 10 years to 20 years, film solar cells also won’t occupy the leading position of solar cells, because its technology is mature. He said: “some film solar cells, the efficiency of the silicon solar battery relatively poor many, have some good cost and high efficiency.
Three fluorinated nitrogen
Thin film solar cell industry in the future to beat the competition polycrystal silicon solar battery, still must face a environment problem: film solar cells in the production process of releasing three fluorinated nitrogen, considered a greenhouse gases.
In 2008, the university of California, irvine earth system science pilates MichaelPrather djoser (Michael) and his colleagues in the journal proceedings of the geography research papers issued three fluoride, says the greenhouse effect of nitrogen dioxide’s 17,000 times is. In the semiconductor, LCD panel and thin film solar cell production process, all three fluoride might release nitrogen.
Winfrey, told the news of the harp science, three fluorinated nitrogen significant greenhouse effect can exist in the atmosphere of 550 years of infrared ray absorbing ability is strong.
At the university of California at the Scripps research institute (sea ray overrepresented RayWeiss) and the research team also found that three fluoride concentrations of nitrogen in the air by 1978 0.02 / trillion rose to 2008 0.454 / trillion.
At present, although overrepresented produced by human activity in the greenhouse effect, carbon dioxide, accounted for 60% three fluorinated nitrogen accounted for only three fluoride 0.04%, but the proportion of nitrogen in May be exponentially.
He told the news of science: “we are monitoring results show that, the atmosphere of the three fluorinated nitrogen than expected high emissions from 4 to 5 times.”
At present, Kyoto only involves 6 kinds of gas, carbon dioxide and methane, nitric oxide, hydrogen fluorine carbon, the perfluorocarbon and six fluorinated sulfur. Winfrey and Suggestions, will be three overrepresented in fluorinated nitrogen also need to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases.
Said: “we should overrepresented in three fluorinated nitrogen reduction of incentive mechanism.
The atmospheric composition observation LiuYu service center, said three fluorinated n the greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide, but really global atmosphere three fluorinated nitrogen content is not high.
Also noted that the three overrepresented fluorinated nitrogen emissions, it will not only be non-action worst greenhouse gases. Moreover, most of the use of clean technologies, whether film solar cells, wind generators or production process will accompany greenhouse gas emissions, so long as they use life sufficient to cover the greenhouse gas emissions, so these new technologies or useful.
He said: “the film for the use of solar panels for decades, more than life and they only need time can compensate for the production process of releasing greenhouse gases.
Sircana said, pilates semiconductor, LCD panel and thin film solar panels can consider alternative, reduce the production process of greenhouse gas emissions, is especially important, “must be fair appraisal”.

According to the statistics, Dataquest 136 countries around the world were put to popularize and apply the upsurge of solar cells, including 95 countries are on a large scale of solar cell production, actively develop new products of various energy. In 1998, the world’s production of solar battery, the total capacity of 1,000 mw, 1999 amounted to 2,850 mw. In 2000, the world has nearly 4600 manufacturers to provide the market with test and test for the power of the product.
At present, many countries are formulating medium-term development plan, the preparation of solar energy in the large-scale development in the 21st century, the department of the state is introduced, Japan launched photovoltaic plan is sunshine plan. America’s national NREL photovoltaic plan is an important photovoltaic plan, the content of silicon and advanced in technology, components, thin film solar pv modules, and PVMaT system performance and engineering, the pv-tech application and market development of five areas of research work.
America also launched a “solar street lamps, aiming to make America plan” part of the city street is changed by the solar power, according to the plan, the street lamp every year electricity-saving 800 degrees. Japan is also seven million sets of solar energy “project”, Japan to popularize the solar power system, is mainly residential housing installed in the roof solar power generation equipment, with the rest of the family could also sell electric power company. A standard families can install a generation of 3000. Europe is research and development of solar battery on the famous “eureka” high-tech plan, launched “10 million sets of project”. The popularization and application of the main content of test for solar energy engineering “, “planning is now promoting the development of large industrial solar test is one of the important power.
Japan, South Korea and the European region in eight countries recently decided to cooperate in Asia and Africa, inland desert regions to build the world’s largest solar power stations, their goal is the land area of approximately 1/4 of the desert regions of rizhao resources for a long time, make effective use of 30 million users to provide 100 megawatts of electricity. Plan will since 2001, spend four years to finish.
At present, the United States and Japan in the world market photovoltaic maximum market share. America has the world’s biggest photovoltaic power plant, the power to 7MW, Japan also built 1MW of photovoltaic power generating power. A total of 23 around eight (pv) power equipment, Israel, Australia, New Zealand ahead.
Since the 1990s, the global solar cell industry annually to 15% increase continuously development. According to the latest figures released Dataquest prediction and report, the United States, Japan and western industrialized countries in the research and development of solar energy, 1998, the total investment of $5.7 billion, 1999 1127 billion dollars, 7 billion dollars in 2000, In 2001, will reach $8.2 billion, In 2002, is expected to exceed 10 million dollars.
Solar cell industry status
In the research and development of solar cells work seriously, fences, in early period of amorphous silicon semiconductor research work has been listed in the national major issue, Eighth and ninth in the research and development, the emphasis on large solar battery, etc. October 2003, the national development and reform commission, the ministry of science and technology for the next five years, the solar energy resources development planning commission “light engineering” will raise 100 billion yuan in advance, the application of solar power generation technology plan to 2005 national solar power system with a total installed capacity of 300 mw.
In 2002, the national related ministries launched “western provinces without electricity plans”, through the village of solar and wind power solutions seven small western provinces without electricity the power of the village. This project startup greatly stimulate the solar industry, domestic built a few solar battery, the packaging line of solar cell production increase quickly. China currently has 10 solar cell production line, the annual production capacity of about 4.5 MW, including eight line imported from abroad, in which 8 production lines, with 6 monocrystalline silicon solar cell production line of amorphous silicon solar cell production line. According to experts, at present our pv market demand for the year 2001-2010 5MW in demand, will start from 2011 10MW and market demand, China will be greater than in photovoltaic 20MW.
At present domestic solar silicon production enterprise mainly luoyang monocrystalline silicon base NingJin hebei factory, sichuan and semiconductor manufacturers, including hebei factory NingJin monocrystalline silicon base is the world’s largest production base, the solar monocrystalline silicon solar energy accounted for the world market share of around 25%.
In the solar battery materials market, the current domestic downstream of the enterprise mainly producing solar cells have baoding yingli new energy, suntech, kaifeng solar cell factory, yunnan semiconductor devices, qinhuangdao colorful optoelectronic, zhejiang like solar power, solar energy, ningbo kyocera (tianjin) solar energy company, total output in 120MW above.
Solar battery and solar power editrice prospects
At present, the application of solar cells from military and aerospace field into the industrial, commercial, agriculture, communication, household appliances and utilities sectors, especially in the remote areas can be scattered, mountains, deserts, island and rural use to save cost, the transmission lines are very expensive. But in the present stage, it costs are high, 1kW electricity needs a large investment of thousands of dollars, so use are still on the economy.
But, in the long run, as solar battery manufacture technology improvement and the new light — the electric switching device, the invention of the protection of the environment and the huge demand for renewable clean energy, solar battery will still be using solar radiation is feasible method for large-scale use solar energy future human opens wide prospect.

Massey university in Ontario engineers, recently completed a flexible solar panels prototype development. This kind of solar panels can be installed in any roof, including the bus stop car radian design etc.

The size of each flexible solar panels to power, but 12cm 90cm x 450 watts. Solar panels can provide for the bus stop for auto electric saw, generally speaking, a panel of power can drive 600 HaoWa power energy-saving bulb or small night lights all night, sufficient to satisfy customer needs and lighting.

Solar panels in daytime capture sunshine and translated into energy storage, and night driving lighting equipment. Researchers say the roof houses in installation of solar panels, can satisfy the need. Powered night

Researchers say the storage battery, solar battery climate and weather effects, such as winter, cloudy, snow and other effects will be the accumulation of solar battery power. The researchers also are looking for the prototype into commercial technology laboratory.

Solar energy is the inexhaustible renewable energy. Also clean energy, do not produce any pollution. In the effective use of solar energy, Can use is the sun arises in photoelectric the fastest, most vigorous development of research field, is one of the most of the project. Therefore, people and develop the solar cells. Make solar battery is mainly based on semiconductor materials, its working principle is using photoelectric material absorb the light after conversion reaction, according to the photoelectric from different materials and solar cell can be divided into: 1, silicon solar battery, 2 and inorganic salt as gallium arsenide III – V compounds, cadmium sulphide, copper indium selenium, multiple compound material for the battery, 3 and the sun arises functional polymer battery can, 4 and nanocrystalline solar battery, etc. In whatever material to produce batteries, solar battery materials general requirement is: 1, semiconductor materials with not too wide, ban 2, have higher photoelectric conversion efficiency: 3, material itself to the environment pollution, 4 and materials for industrial production and stable performance. Based on the above aspects into consideration, silicon solar battery is the most ideal material, which is mainly silicon solar cells are the main reasons. But along with the continuous development of new materials and related technology development, and in other mixture village on the basis of solar cells are also increasingly shows attractive prospect. This paper gives a review of the solar cell types and research status, and discusses the development and the trend of the solar cells.

1 in silicon solar cells
1.1 monocrystalline silicon solar battery
Silicon solar battery, monocrystalline silicon series batteries conversion efficiency is highest can sun arises, the most mature technology. High-performance monocrystalline cells is based on high quality materials and related silicon into hot processing technology. Now the electricity to process have monocrystalline nearly ripe, the battery production, generally using surface texture, launching district passivation, partition doped technology etc, are mainly develop battery planar monocrystalline cells and groove buried grid electrode monocrystalline cells. To improve the efficiency of conversion from mainly rely on silicon surface microstructure processing and partition doped process. In this aspect, Germany’s fee charges, huo solar system, maintains the world advanced level. This research USES camera battery technology will lithography surface texture, made inverted pyramid. And in the 13nm a surface. The thick with two layers passivation oxides coatings combined minus reflection. Through improved plating process increase screen width and height ratio: through the battery into more than 23% greater efficiency, it is worth of 23.3%. Kyocera company preparation of large 225cm2 (single crystal solar cell) power conversion efficiency for 19.44%, domestic Beijing institute of solar energy is also actively effectively crystalline silicon solar battery research and development, the development of planar efficient monocrystalline cells (2cm X 2cm) conversion efficiency reached 19.79% groove, silicon crystal buried grid electrode (5cm X 5cm) conversion efficiency of 8.6%.
Monocrystalline silicon solar battery conversion efficiency is undoubtedly the highest in large-scale application and industrial production is still the dominant, but because the price of materials and the corresponding monocrystalline trival, which affect the battery technology, high silicon cost greatly reduce the cost to think is very difficult. In order to save the high quality material, looking for alternative products monocrystalline cells, now developed film solar cells, including polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cells and amorphous silicon thin film solar cells is a typical representative.
1.2 polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cells
Usually the crystalline silicon solar cells in the thickness is 3.5-450 muon m high quality silicon wafer, and this made on from the ingot casting tiras or saw on. Therefore the actual amount of silicone material more. In order to save material, people from the mid-seventies began in cheap substrate polysilicon film, but because the sedimentary growth of silicon membrane grain size, not made valuable solar cells. In order to obtain large size of grain, people have been film hasn’t stopped research, and put forward many methods. There were more than batteries polysilicon film by chemical vapor deposition, including chemical vapor deposition (low LPCVD) and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique process. In addition, the liquid phase epitaxy (LPPE) and sputtering method can also be used for preparation of polysilicon film batteries.
Chemical vapor deposition is mainly SiH2Cl2, SiHCl3, Sicl4 or SiH4, for certain gases under the protective atmosphere reacts silicon atom and deposition in the heat of the substrate is generally selected Si substrate materials, etc., Si3N4 and SiO2 But the study found that in the silicon substrate to form larger grain, and easy in grain formed between the gap. To solve this problem is to use in the substrate LPCVD ablaze sink a thin layer of amorphous silicon, the layer of amorphous silicon layer of annealing, get bigger grain, and then again in the seeds deposited on the wafer polysilicon film thickness, therefore, recrystallization technology is an important part of the current technology, main solid-phase crystallization and central melting recrystallization method. Poly membrane batteries used in recrystallization processes, almost all other USES for the preparation of monocrystalline silicon solar energy cell technology
And so the solar cell can obviously improve the efficiency of conversion. Germany at the area of solar technology in library recrystallization FZ Si substrate of polysilicon battery conversion efficiency, mitsubishi Japan 19% in the preparation of battery, 16.42% efficiency.
Liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) method is melting in the silicon in the matrix, reduce temperature silicon membrane separation. American Astropower company adopts LPE preparation battery efficiency 12.2%. China photoelectric technology development center of ChenZheLiang using liquid extension method in metallurgical level on a silicon wafer growth of grain, and designed a kind of similar to the crystalline silicon thin film solar cells, called the “new solar battery silicon solar battery,” but the report could not see.
Poly membrane using silicon batteries due to less than monocrystalline silicon, and efficiency, and possible recession in the substrate, the preparation of cheap cost far below the higher efficiency, monocrystalline cells and amorphous silicon thin film battery, therefore, polycrystalline silicon solar battery will soon in the dominant power supply field.
130 amorphous silicon thin film solar cells
Development of solar battery, two key questions is: to improve efficiency and reduce cost. Because of amorphous silicon thin film solar cells with low cost, easy mass production, general attention and rapid development, early in the early 1970s, Carlson, etc have started to development of amorphous silicon cells in its research work, work have developed rapidly, the world has had many
Companies in the production of the battery products.
Amorphous silicon solar materials as though is a kind of very good battery materials, but due to its optical bandgap 1.7 for eV, and makes the material itself to solar radiation spectrum of long not sensitive areas, thus limiting amorphous silicon solar battery conversion efficiency. In addition, the photoelectric efficiency as the time of light and attenuation, namely the continuation of the so-called “S to a recession, battery performance W effect of instability. To solve these problems, the size is laminated solar battery, preparation of laminated solar battery consists in the preparation of n, p, single and solar battery on deposition of one or more p – I – n son batteries. Stack to improve conversion efficiency of solar cells, solve the stability of single “battery problem: (1) it is the width of the different section material in together, improve the spectral range of responses, 2 I layer top batteries are thin and light changed electric-field intensity of the light, I was born; spare carriers 3 of the battery for single battery charge carriers to recession effect, decreases, 4 the laminated solar battery is together.
Amorphous silicon thin film solar cells have lots of preparation methods, including the reaction PECVD sputtering, LPCVD method, method, the raw materials for H2 dilution of gas SiH4, mainly for the glass and stainless steel substrate, amorphous silicon thin film made by different batteries process can be made by batteries and laminated solar cells. Currently amorphous silicon solar battery has two big progress: first, three laminated structure of amorphous silicon solar battery conversion efficiency to set a new record; 13%, The second. Three laminated solar cell production capacity of 5MW. United solar companies (VSSC) system of single supreme conversion efficiency of solar cells for 9.3 per cent, the highest searc gap three laminated battery conversion efficiency 13%.
The conversion efficiency is highest in a small area (0.25 cm2) battery. Single and have been reported in the literature of amorphous silicon solar battery conversion efficiency, Japanese academia sinica than 12.5% adopted a series of new measures, the amorphous silicon cells for the conversion efficiency 13.2%. Domestic about amorphous silicon thin film solar cells, especially the study of laminated, nankai university GengXinHua of such materials, industrial aluminium was back electrode 20X20cm2 area for the conversion efficiency, 8.28% – - Si Si/laminated solar cells.
Amorphous silicon solar battery due to the high efficiency and low cost and weight etc, has great potential. But also because of its stability is not high, the direct impact of its practical application. If you can solve problems and further improve stability problem, so, conversion of amorphous silicon solar battery is undoubtedly the sun arises to the main product development is one of the battery.

2 multiple compound film solar cells
In order to find alternative monocrystalline cells, people in developed polysilicon, amorphous silicon thin film solar cells, and constantly develop other materials of solar cells. Include gallium arsenide iii-v compounds, cadmium sulphide, cadmium sulphide and copper Gu selenium film batteries etc. These cells, although the cadmium sulphide, tellurium polycrystalline cadmium battery efficiency is relatively thin film solar cells of amorphous silicon, high efficiency, low cost, and also monocrystalline cells to mass production, but due to cadmium has virulent, causing serious pollution of environment, therefore, not crystalline silicon solar battery ideal substitute gallium arsenide III – V compounds and copper indium selenium film batteries due to the high efficiency of the universal attention by people. GaAs belongs to iii-v semiconductor compound material, the gap of 1.4 eV, just as high absorptivity of sunshine, so, it is an ideal material for battery. GaAs etc III – V compounds were mainly adopts the technology, which MOVPE and MOVPE method LPE preparation of GaAs film substrate dislocation, battery by reaction pressure, III – V ratio, the influence of various parameters etc blade.
Besides, other III – GaAs Gasb, compounds such as V GaInP battery material also being developed. In 1998, Germany, solar system, the system of GaAs conversion efficiency of solar cells, for European record for 24.2%. The first preparation GaInP battery conversion efficiency for 14.7%. See table 2. In addition, the institute also adopts stack structure, preparation of GaAs Gasb battery, the battery is two independent battery stacked together, as the battery, GaAs battery Gasb is, the battery efficiency 31.1%.
Copper indium CuInSe2 selenium as CIC. The material can drop for CIS, suitable for leV employs 1. The sun photoelectric, moreover, CIS film solar cells, does not exist to recession. Therefore, high conversion efficiency of CIS used for film solar cells material also caused the people’s attention.
The preparation of CIS batteries are mainly vacuum film deposition method and selenide method. Vacuum deposition method is adopted their source of indium and steam copper, selenium, selenide method is used H2Se laminated film, but the selenium is composed of CIS have uniform. CIS film battery from the 1980s initially 8% of the conversion efficiency to the current development of about 15 per cent. Japan’s matsushita electric industrial company of development of CIS mixed gallium battery, the photoelectric conversion efficiency for 1cm2 area (15.3%). In 1995, American renewable energy laboratory developed conversion efficiency for 17. L % of CIS solar battery, this is by far the world’s highest conversion efficiency of the battery. Expected to 2000 CIS battery conversion efficiency will reach 20%, polycrystalline silicon solar energy cell.
CIS as solar cells semiconductor materials, low price and good performance has advantages such as simple process and development in the future, will become an important direction of solar cells. The only problem is, because the material sources of indium and selenium is rare elements are, therefore, this kind of cell development limited.

3 polymer layers modified electrodes solar cells
In the solar battery in polymer instead of inorganic materials are just beginning of a solar system dad research direction. Its principle is to use different supplies oxidation of different polymers, REDOX potential in conductive material (electrode) surface composite multi-layer made similar inorganic P, N – “one-way conductive device. One of the lining of the electrode potential by reduction of polymer modification, low layer of high polymer, electron transfer operation direction to the outer transfer only by lining, Another electrode modified opposite, and the first two electrodes are higher than the potential of polymer reduction of two kinds of polymer. When two modified electrodes into contain photosensitive of electrolytic waves hitting photoisomerization agent absorb light. After the electronic transfer to the reduction of potential lower electrode, the reduction in low electrode potential of electronic cannot transfer, only through the outer polymer/through the reduction of high potential to electrolyte, therefore electrodes in optical. /
Because organic material, make easy and flexible materials etc widely, cost advantages, and to utilize solar energy, cheap electricity has important significance. But with organic materials preparation of solar battery only just beginning, whether life, or the battery can and efficiency of inorganic materials, especially silicon. Can become a useful products, remains to be further study.

4 nanocrystalline chemical solar cells
In silicon solar cells in the development of solar battery is undoubtedly the most mature, but due to the high cost, cannot satisfy the requirement of large-scale promotion application. Therefore, people have been constantly in technology, the new material, the battery film etc are explored, and the recent development of nanometer TiO2 energy crystal solar cell and scientists.
The professor has successfully developed Gratzel Switzerland nanometer TiO2 chemical sun arises, domestic battery can some units are also on the research of this aspect. Nanocrystalline chemical solar battery) (hereinafter referred to as the NPC is composed of a kind of semiconductor material modification, the assembly to another large gap in the semiconductor, narrow the formation of semiconductor materials used in the transition metals such as the Os Ru sensitization dye, organic compounds big gap semiconductor materials for nanometer TiO2 and polycrystalline made electrode, besides NPCS batteries are still choose appropriate oxidation a reduction of electrolyte. Working principle: TiO2 nanocrystalline dye molecules absorb solar energy transition to excited excited, unstable, electronic quickly into adjacent TiO2, dye with lost quickly from electrolyte of electronic is compensated, TiO2 into the electricity in the final with conductive film and then enter through the outer loop current generated.
Nano TiO2 crystal solar cell’s advantage is that it is cheap cost and simple technology and stable performance. The photoelectric efficiency in production cost, only 10% for silicon solar cell 1/5 ~ 10. Life can reach 2O years. But because of this research and development of the battery has just started, estimates that the future will be progressively market.

5 the development trend of solar cells
From the above aspects, the discussion of solar cell materials, iii-v compounds and CIS by rare elements such as they made preparation, although the conversion efficiency of solar cells, but from sources, this kind of solar cells may not be dominant in the future. And the other two batteries nanocrystalline solar battery and polymer modified electrodes solar power to existing problems, their research, technology is mature, the conversion efficiency is low, the two kinds of batteries are still in the stage of exploration, inside short time should never replace of solar cells. Therefore, from the conversion efficiency and material sources, the key still is for the future development of silicon solar battery especially polysilicon and amorphous silicon thin film batteries. Because of polysilicon and amorphous silicon thin film batteries with high efficiency and low cost, relatively will eventually supplant monocrystalline cells, become the dominant products to the market.
To improve efficiency and reduce cost are considered in the preparation of solar cells are the two major factors, for the current silicon solar battery, is to further improve conversion efficiency is difficult. Therefore, the main research to develop new battery materials in how should focus on the lower cost and high efficiency of the existing in the solar battery is made of high quality slice, this is the most costly silicon solar battery. Therefore, how to ensure the high efficiency is lower the cost of substrate case is particularly important. But also the future development of solar cells to solve problems. Recently adopted some technology abroad have silicon strip as polysilicon film solar cells on the substrate, to reduce production cost, the effect is now.

Recently, the U.S. city of Austin, Texas, and retail shopping centers in high-speed road in an open space between the installed 15 solar panels like sunflowers. The crystallization of this technology and art, not only development and use of green renewable energy sources, but also gave rise to a fresh impression.

Evening, sunflower used to absorb solar energy during the day supply of blue light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, shine in the darkness.

Designers Mags Harries, Lajos Heder, fundamentally speaking, this high-30-foot sunflower solar panels seems more like an art display. Technical side, they absorb solar energy during the day, supply at the blue light-emitting diodes (LED) lighting. The remaining 15 kW of electricity will be fed to a nearby power station, as this too will be able to sunflower solar panels of the maintenance costs.