Chemical battery by electrochemical reactions, refers to the positive and negative and active substances, the chemical energy into electrical energy type of device. After long-term research and development, the chemical battery ushered in a variety of applications, the situation. To a building can accommodate a huge device, small to millimeters. For our good ever-present service life. Modern electronic technology development on chemical battery, put forward the high requirements. Every chemical battery technology breakthroughs, has brought the revolutionary development of electronic equipment. In modern society, the People’s Daily life, daily chemical and leave the battery. Now the world, scientists in many electrochemical concentration of power in a chemical battery electric vehicle.
Dry and liquid battery
Dry and liquid battery to distinguish the development of early battery period. The earliest battery electrolyte by full of glass containers and two electrodes. Later introduced to paste on the basis of battery electrolyte, also known as dry.
Still have “liquid” battery. General is very huge volume of varieties. If those as uninterrupted power supply of large-scale fixed type and solar battery or supporting the use of the battery. For mobile devices, some use is sealed, maintenance of the battery, the battery has successful use of for many years, including the electrolyte sulfuric acid by silica gel is fixed or fiberglass clapboard suck.
Disposable battery and rechargeable batteries
Non-rechargeable batteries commonly known as “with the” battery, the battery because they cannot charge after use, can only be discarded. Common non-rechargeable batteries included alkali manganese manganese zinc battery, the battery, lithium batteries, zinc, zinc empty battery, the battery, the battery zinc mercury, hydrogen battery and mercury magnesium manganese batteries.
Rechargeable batteries made by different materials and techniques, common have lead-acid battery, nickel cadmium battery, nickel and iron batteries, nimh batteries, lithium ion battery. Its advantages are long life cycle, they can charge 200 times, some rechargeable batteries load power than most non-rechargeable batteries. Ordinary nickel cadmium, used nimh batteries, special memory effects caused by the use of inconvenience, often in advance, caused by failure.
The battery charging theory
The battery charging time: the theory of power by the battery charger current output.
Example: in a power for 800MAH battery charger, for example, the output current for charging time equals 500MA so 800MAH / 500MA = 1.6 hours, when completed, the best charging to battery of about half an hour or so electrical time.
Fuel cells
The fuel cell is a kind of fuel energy through electrochemical reaction directly into electricity device using hydrogen fuel cell is in the anode oxidation reaction is oxidized hydrogen, oxygen and hydrogen ions, in response to the cathode, and reduction of hydrogen ions by anodic came with formation water. REDOX reaction process can generate electricity. Fuel cell technology including the fuel cell (AFC) alkaline acid, fuel cell (PAFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC solid oxide fuel cell), (SOFC), and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), which, as a positive reaction using methanol oxidation reaction of fuel cell technology, which was good and positive development of industry.

“Not included”, batteries have received a new toy, remember these words to your profile package of cold? Grow up, our high-tech “toys” becomes increasingly complex and attractive. But drive their battery principle did not change.
If so?
Intelligent network (Smartgrids), hybrid, renewable energy is popular environmental protection technology, but behind the scenes, the chemist and engineers are committed to cut out the ecological effect. The batteries, Recent hydroxyl oxidation nickel, olivine type enables lithium iron and nickel line, lithium battery chemistry technology to make the breakthrough of digital products up tomorrow history but the problem of alkali/manganese dioxide AA battery.
NiOOH (hydroxyl oxidation nickel or NiOx) battery has been available for several years, but, like the alkaline battery anode system based on nickel to produce higher voltage (1.7 V, alkaline battery for 1.5 V). NiOx batteries commonly used for high power applications (such as a digital camera or portable gaming products), to provide equivalent alkaline batteries twice. But in the remote control, low power consumption, etc NiOx battery life and alkaline batteries.
SONY’s recent first will the technology of lithium ion battery variant commercialization. The technology developed by the U.S. researchers, using phosphoric acid lithium iron type olivine LiFePO4 (anode) as.
SONY’s recent first will the technology of lithium ion battery variant commercialization. The technology developed by the U.S. researchers, using phosphoric acid lithium iron type olivine LiFePO4 (anode) as. SONY will new anode materials with a maximum of decreases resistance can be combined design technology patent particles, 1800W 3.3 kg/V output and power density of rechargeable batteries design, have longevity, in 2000 after filling/discharge wheel remained 80% initial capacity. The battery has rapid charging ability (30 minutes to 99%), and filling in the use of stable discharging voltage.
The battery has been applied in some powerful tool for SONY, and in practical application in positive feedback.
The earliest LiFePO4 patent technology by the university of Texas JohnGoodenough and team in 1996. LiFePO4 for solving the lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganese oxide lithium ion battery structure, low rate of discharge to the problem of short life cycle was designed.
LiFePO4 is a kind of high stability, scientists believe it can materials used in countless consumption level from mobile phones, and products of rechargeable batteries applied to electric cars etc. Large. XueFoLai (220 Volt listing by core lithium ion battery).
Peridot structure of LiFePO4 let grid than other cell structure deformation more small, bring better discharge process. Therefore the materials circulation of LiFePO4 extremely long life, also shows excellent storage life. It can endure oxidation and acidic environments.
Battery, the battery LiFePO4 safety at 300 ° C to structure of 500 ° C, high temperature stability, still can maintain the highest can withstand 700 ° C. In the extreme temperatures, other lithium battery will cracking even explosions.
The rapid charging LiFePO4, long life significantly to environmental protection. Electric car battery will also gain LiFePO4 by charging more long distance running after launch, hope the Volt products and competitive automobile manufacturers might be interested.
The new nanowires batteries gradually with rapist
Another promising lithium batteries battery is covered with line, line of nano silicon steel positive to replace traditional lithium-ion batteries graphite anode. Silicon can store of lithium ten times more than the graphite, that power density increases. Batteries, increase total quality of surface allowing faster/discharge rate.
Battery anode steel surface covered by the shrinkage/expansion of silicon line output power. Charging process, silicon line of lithium battery atomic absorption, after the expansion, In the process of discharging lithium ion, silicon online sucked the linear contractive, silicon.
Traditional, simple silicon positive study began in thirty years ago. When scientists decided to give up, because this kind of material in silicon to split up when lithium absorption, damaged, positive capacity is too weak to support further study.
Researchers at Stanford university problem is used when judging the shape of silicon.
Now to the method for paper thickness in diameter is a thousandth of nanostructures. Tree The new nanowires absorption volume expansion to normal after the lithium is four times the condition, but the silicon anode won’t break or damage.
The new nanowires cell researchers are looking for a proper anode materials, and silicon anode nets matching filling/discharge capacity, which fully shows the technology in energy storage density of outstanding progress. Stanford university, assistant professor of materials science and engineering YiCui is leadership team, they develop the positive technology that five years later the new nanowires lithium ion rechargeable battery technology can realize the comprehensive commercial.
Above a few technology is just the start of the study, with deep battery to electronic products, players can expect battery life than toy itself life that day.

Solar energy is the inexhaustible renewable energy. Also clean energy, do not produce any pollution. In the effective use of solar energy, Can use is the sun arises in photoelectric the fastest, most vigorous development of research field, is one of the most of the project.

Make solar battery is mainly based on semiconductor materials, its working principle is using photoelectric material absorb the light after conversion reaction, according to the photoelectric from different materials and solar cell can be divided into: 1, silicon solar battery, 2 and inorganic salt as gallium arsenide III – V compounds, cadmium sulphide, copper indium selenium, multiple compound material for the battery, 3 and the sun arises functional polymer battery can, 4 and nanocrystalline solar battery, etc.

A, silicon solar battery

1 silicon solar cells work principle and structure

Solar power is the main principle of the photoelectric effect, semiconductor semiconductor main structure is as follows:

In the figure, the positive and negative silicon atom says that in the next round of four electronic silicon atom.
When the silicon crystals of adding other impurities, such as boron, phosphorus, when adding boron, silicon crystals will exist in a hole, it can refer to form below:

In the figure, the positive and negative silicon atom says that in the next round of four electronic silicon atom. And yellow said adding of boron atom, because only three around boron atom electronic, so will produce the blue shown into the hole, this hole because no electronic and became very unstable, easy absorption and electronic form, and the lack of semiconductor (P).
Also, with phosphorus atoms, because the phosphorus, so there are five atom electronic it will have a very active, electronic form N (visitors) type semiconductor. Yellow is the nucleus, red phosphorus is redundant electronics. The diagram below.

N type semiconductor contains more cavities and P type semiconductor contains more electronic, so, when P type and N type semiconductor together, will be in contact DianShiCha form, this is PN junction.

When P type and N type semiconductor together, in two kinds of semiconductor boundary region will form a special thin layer), the interface of the P type side negatively charged MMH, N side. This is due to the P type semiconductor cavity, N type semiconductor more than free electrons, appeared concentration. The electronic will spread to N, P the cavitation zone P will spread to N area, once the diffusion is formed by a point P “N”, to prevent inside field spread. After the balance, formed a special form of thin layers, which is DianShiCha PN junction.

When the chips are light, PN junction, N type semiconductor cavity to P type, and moving toward the P type electronic n-type area movement, thus forming from n-type area to P type of current. Then DianShiCha formed in PN junction, which formed the power. (shown below),

Due to the semiconductor not good conductors of electricity and electronics in n and p – through after in the semiconductor, if the resistance is very big, the loss is very big. But if all painted in the upper metal, sunshine is not produced by current cannot use metal mesh, so usually covered p – n “(pictured), comb electrodes to increase the area of incident light.
Another very bright, silicon surface will be reflected off of sunlight, cannot be battery using. Therefore, the scientists give it painted with a layer of reflection coefficient of very small diaphragm (pictured), will reflect the loss to 5% even smaller. A battery can provide the current and voltage, after all, so people will be limited battery (usually many 36) parallel connection or use, form of solar photovoltaic plate.

2 the silicon solar cell production process

Usually the crystalline silicon solar cells in the thickness is 3.5-450 muon m high quality silicon wafer, and this made on from the ingot casting tiras or saw on.

The method of the actual amount of silicone material more. In order to save material, there were more than batteries by polysilicon film chemical vapor deposition, including chemical vapor deposition (low LPCVD) and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique process. In addition, the liquid phase epitaxy (LPPE) and sputtering method can also be used for preparation of polysilicon film batteries.

Chemical vapor deposition is mainly SiH2Cl2, SiHCl3, SiCl4 or SiH4, for certain gases under the protective atmosphere reacts silicon atom and deposition in the heat of the substrate is generally selected Si substrate materials, etc., Si3N4 and SiO2 But the study found that in the silicon substrate to form larger grain, and easy in grain formed between the gap. To solve this problem is to use LPCVD deposition in the substrate a thin layer of amorphous silicon, the layer of amorphous silicon layer of annealing, get bigger grain, and then again in the seeds deposited on the wafer polysilicon film thickness, therefore, recrystallization technology is an important part of the current technology, main solid-phase crystallization and central melting recrystallization method. Poly membrane batteries used in recrystallization processes, almost all other USES for preparation of monocrystalline silicon solar energy cell technology, so that the solar cell can obviously improve the efficiency of conversion.

3 and nanocrystalline chemical solar cells

In silicon solar cells in the development of solar battery is undoubtedly the most mature, but due to the high cost, cannot satisfy the requirement of large-scale promotion application. Therefore, people have been constantly in technology, the new material, the battery film etc are explored, and the recent development of nanometer TiO2 energy crystal solar cell and scientists.

To dye sensitization nanocrystal solar battery (for example, this DSSCs) battery including transparent conductive film coated glass of basement, dye sensitization semiconductor materials, such as electrolyte of electrode parts.

As shown, white, red balls ball TiO2 said that dye molecules. Dye molecules absorb solar energy transition to excited excited, unstable, electronic quickly into adjacent TiO2, dye with lost quickly from electrolyte of electronic is compensated, TiO2 into the electricity in the final with conductive film and then enter through the outer loop current generated.

Nano TiO2 crystal solar cell’s advantage is that it is cheap cost and simple technology and stable performance. The photoelectric efficiency in production cost, only 10% for silicon solar cell 1/5 ~ 10. Life can reach 20 years. But because of this research and development of the battery has just started, estimates that the future will be progressively market.

Anode: dye sensitization TiO2 film (film) semiconductor

The cathode: platinum coated conductive glass

Electrolytes I3: I – - /

Dye battery application model:

Four, dye sensitization TiO2 solar cells handmade

1 make tio2 membrane

(1) the titanium dioxide powder into mortar and binders grinding

(2) then glass rod slowly in the conductive glass on the coating

(3) tio2 membrane in alcohol under the lamp sintering 10 ~ 15 minutes, then cooling

2 for the use of natural dye tio2 colouring

As shown, fresh and frozen blackberries, ShanMei, pomegranate seed or black tea, plus a tablespoon of water and the titanium dioxide film extrusion, then put on coloring, about 5 minutes, until the membrane layer into purple, if both sides membrane layer of non-uniform, can put into soak 5 minutes, then wash with ethanol, and soft paper gently dry.

3. Make the positive electrode

The shaded by the dye for electronic outflow of TiO2 an anode (namely). The positive electrode can be conductive glass of conductive plane (coated with conductive SnO2 membrane layer), using a simple multimeter can judge the side of the glass is conductive, use finger can also make judgment, conductive face relatively coarse. As shown, the conductive surface marked ‘+’, then use a pencil in the conductive face evenly coated graphite.

4. Add electrolyte

Using the iodine ion of solar battery electrolyte solution as, it is mainly used for reduction and regeneration of dyes. As shown on the membrane surface in titanium, add one to two drops electrolyte.

5 assembly batteries

After the coloring of tio2 membrane facing up on the table, in the film for one to two drops it drops containing iodine ion of electrolyte and iodine, then take the positive electrode conductive tio2 membrane facing down at. The two pieces of glass, use two little stagger the battery clamps, two pieces of glass exposed wires connected to the part. So, you just made of solar cells.

6 batteries testing

Outside the sunlight, detection you can generate electricity solar cells.

Because of various models of mobile phone attached to different causes, charger socket between each mobile phone charger not common. When the user mobile phone chargers damage or loss, cannot be repaired or buy less charger, cannot use the same key. Universal charger manufacturers see such opportunities, development and production of the mobile phone’s battery charger, the charger because of its small volume, convenient to carry, simple operation, low price, suitable for machine, deeply user’s welcome. Here in shenzhen Alexander tong industrial Co., LTD production of universal tong S538 universal charger for example, this paper introduces the working principle and maintenance method. The charger, in the market share and no random incidental to bring some maintenance diagram of difficulty, according to the work principle of surveying and mapping object, see figure for maintenance.
Universal tong S538 universal charger on exterior design is unique, the panel using transparent plastic production of elliptic clip, transparent plastic panel two fixed distance adjustable stainless steel electrode for charging reed. The rear side panel of one polarity switch switch (test) and the four lights, according to the state of user can adjust the charger electrode distance and the output voltage polarity, and can be easily seen by state indicator of charging battery.

A, principle of work

The charger circuit consists mainly of oscillating circuit, charging circuit, protect circuit, the input voltage AC220V, 50/60Hz, 40mA, output voltage DC4.2 V, output current 150mA in 180mA ~. In charge, first, connect to the rechargeable battery charger panel on whether the test indicator light? If the bright, correct polarity, can switch on the power, Otherwise, the battery charger output voltage polarity and the polarity is opposite, then need to click the polarity switch AN1 (test button). Specific circuit principle as follows.

1 oscillating circuit

This circuit consists mainly of transistor VT2 and switch transformer T1 etc. Switch on the power, communication 220V diode rectifier, VD2 half wave formed around run at 100V dc voltage. The voltage transformer by switching the primary windings 1 T added to transistor VT2 c extremely, meanwhile, the voltage by starting resistance is the R4 VT2 is provided a b bias voltage, make VT2 conduction. At this time, the transistor VT2 is composed of T1 and switch transformer intermittent oscillating circuit start working, switch transformer T 1-1 in current through the primary windings. Because of the positive feedback effect, in transformer windings of the 2-1 the voltage induced by the feedback resistance and capacitance R1 added C1, make the b VT2 transistor VT2 b very current flow, quick in saturated zone. With the capacitance C1 ends, voltage VT1 b voltage gradually lowered, make triode VT2 is gradually saturated zone, its from beginning to reduce collector current transformer T, 1-1 in the primary windings of flux also began to decrease. In transformer windings of the 2-1, the negative feedback voltage induction deadline, completing a rapid VT2 oscillation periods. During the globe in VT2 into the transformer windings is 1-3 induced a 5.5 V ac voltage, or as the recharging voltage level.

2 charging circuit

This circuit consists mainly of a RuanSu seal block IC1 (YLT539) and the transistor VT3 etc. From the 1-3 transformer windings induction of ac voltage 5.5 V VD3 diode rectifier, filter, output capacitance C3 a dc voltage (about 850 V), the voltage no-load part to VT3 triode e extremely, Another part of RuanSu to block sealing IC1 YLT539 (1), provide the job power. Integrated block IC1 job power after the start work, in its eight feet output low level, VT3 triode charging pulse conduction, dc voltage began to 8.5 V battery charging E.

As for the rechargeable battery E, 4.2 V lower voltage is the voltage resistance by sampling R11 R12 pressure, and add to the integration of six feet IC1 block, the lower voltage reference voltage IC1 integrated blocks the internal integrated blocks, 8 feet IC1 output level is lower, the transistor VT3 b extremely potential also lower the flux, the guide, dc voltage (8.5 V) by switching to cell polarity S1 fast charging E. Because of the integrated block IC1 2, 3, 4 feet and capacitance C4 common component oscillating circuit, the two feet of the output pulse vibration resistance to battery indicator R16 LED1 (green), the positive anode block received eight feet IC1. The battery just answer one circuit IC1, integrated block 8 feet output level is lower, the battery indicator light LED1 flashing. With rechargeable battery charging prolonged, the voltage, integrated block slowly IC1 eight feet slowly rising, charging output voltage LED1 lights flashing light become weak gradually.

When the battery E slowly when filling to 4.2 V, integrated block 6 feet IC1 also reached its internal potential reference voltage 1.8 V. At this time, the integrated circuit IC1 piece inside, make its eight feet moves voltage output level, VT3 triode, rechargeable lights no deadline LED1 flashing lights, and extinguished by LED2 (green) destroyed brighten.

3 voltage protection circuit

This circuit consists mainly of transistor VT1, diode VDZ1 etc.

Over-voltage protection: when the output voltage rises, in the 2-1 transformer windings of the inductive voltage feedback, capacitance increases by charging pressure. C2 When the capacitor voltage exceed voltage at C2 VDZ1 diode, the voltage stabilizing conduction, VDZ1 diode breakdown voltage, the base of transistor VT2 is low, make its conduction time shorten or quickly, the switch by coupling, transformer T1 secondary output voltage. Conversely, the output voltage, thus ensuring stable output voltage.

Over-current protection in the switch on the power, or when certain causes a moment when the current transistor VT2 in R5, R6, the pressure drop is big, make the over-current protection tube, VT1 conduction deadline, thus effectively prevent VT2 VT1 switch for current impulse and damage. Also on the resistance of the pressure drop, R6 make voltage capacitance C2 ends, over-current protection principle, process and the same voltage here not repeated. VT1 triode tube is over-current protection, R6 is VT2 R5, over-current protection of sampling.

Second, the common breakdown maintenance

Ex.1: connected with rechargeable batteries and power supply, power LED3 indicator lights and TEST pwi LED4 TEST bright, and LED1 charging and LED2 not bright lights, no voltage output, cannot give the battery.

Analysis: the fault is access oscillating circuit switch without work charger. In the actual repair process, found switch pipe resistance and VT2 is most damage R6. Normally, battery recharging circuit E working voltage, low probability of its component damage is not great, namely after subprime T1 transformer switch is the probability of damaged circuits.

Example 2: connected with rechargeable batteries and power supply, each state indicator shows normal, but is not charged rechargeable electric or longer.

Analysis: the fault is overhaul VT3 triode 8550 (with normal tube), after the change, can remove the faults. If VT3 triode, reoccupy table test capacitance C3 (100 mu F / 16V) ends in dc voltage, normal 8.5 V. If the voltage is normal, should check R7 resistance, integrated blocks or IC1 IC1 integrated blocks the normal parameters such as schedule. If the voltage, measure voltage transformer switch T1 subprime, normal in exchange 5.5 V. If the voltage is normal, capacitance C3 or rectifier diode VD3 damage, If the voltage transformer, should check switch before each element and its magnitude T1.

When there is no external power source conditions, if the working condition of PCMCIA groove, suggest the CARDS you remove the card so as to prolong the life time of the battery.
At room temperature (20-30 degrees) for the most appropriate battery working temperature, the temperature too high or too low operating environment will reduce battery time.
In may provide stable power supply environment using a notebook computer batteries, remove battery life can be extended by is not correct. HuaShuo notebook computer is concerned, when the battery power after the battery charging full recharging circuit will be closed, so it won’t happen overcharge phenomenon.
Suggestions for three months on average battery power correction action.
Minimize the use of the battery
The battery charging and discharging number directly related to the life, every time, batteries charging to move a step. Suggest you try to use external power supply,
Use external power supply should be taken down.
Some users often times in a day, and inserted power laptop battery, such doing, with more damage to the battery. Because each time the external power source to access to the battery, the battery is a natural SheShou.
After the power used for recharging and avoid charging for a long time
Regardless of your laptop or using lithium electricity nimh electricity, must be used after the battery charging power (1%), this is the best way to avoid memory effects. Li-ion battery will also have memory effects, but its memory effects than nimh smaller.
Peacetime use attention
In peacetime use to prevent insolation, prevent moisture, prevent erosion and avoid chemical liquid battery contacts with metal contact, etc.
When faced with:
Computers can correct boot disk boot, after finding time not correct, CMOS setup cannot save phenomena, can check whether the motherboard CMOS jumpers set to remove “CLEAR” option (usually 2-3), and if so, please will jump line “that” option (usually 1-2) and then reset.
If not, they jump line CMOS mistake probably because the mainboard batteries or damage caused by a lack of battery voltage, please change the mainboard battery try.
Generally speaking, the assembly of 3 years, 6 years of original.
The average price of $3-8. The diameter of the battery are motherboard according to the battery, 20 mm thickness into “CR2016″ CR2025 “CR2032″ several models. Almost all the mainboard batteries are CR2032…
On the mainboard battery life depends on the quality of battery, the battery in general users can choose to SONY.
Battery on condition is in charge at the computer shutdown, after the BIOS to discharge the related information in order to keep the BIOS (for example: the clock). This discharge is weak, so, if no damage to the battery is not meeting didn’t point.
If the battery damage, or not, the most direct normal use can be found where the problem is no longer operating system clock, if damaged, turning the BIOS displays relevant information, then the error of the computer will not enter operating system.

Experienced users know battery charge is the largest consumers of electric bicycle, so users are very concerned prolong the life of the battery. First to assume no problem, if users charger correct use of the battery life is very important. Use the battery precautions are as follows:

1, do not replace charger, don’t remove the speed controller.

Each manufacturer charger generally have no master individual needs, in the time don’t replace charger. If XuHang mileage requirements, and equipped with different charging to multiple charger, took up the charger adopts during charging the battery charger, and adding the charger using original evening. Remove the controller can improve the speed limit, though some of the speed of a car, but can reduce the safety car outside, also can reduce battery life.

2 and protect the charger.

General instructions above all about protecting the charger. Many users have read the instructions of the habit, but just remember after problems often find instruction, often first read the instruction, so it is very necessary. In order to reduce cost, now the charger is basically do not high resistance, so that the vibration, the charger general design on the trunk of electric bicycle and baby. Special circumstances, must want to move, also want to take charge for foam packaging, prevent the occurrence of vibration. Many charger, its internal after vibration through the potentiometer will drift, make whole parameter drift, cause for charging status is not normal. Also note the time to keep is charging the battery charger, otherwise not only affect ventilated, charger could happen hot charging and drift. This form of batteries. Therefore, protect the charger is very important.

3, charging every day.

Even if you XuHang ability request is not long, a electricity can use 2 to 3 days, but still suggest you every day, so make battery charging in shallow circulating state, extend battery life will be. Some of the early use mobile phone users think is best used basic battery recharging after, this view is incorrect, the memory of lead-acid batteries less intense benefit. Often put to finish electric battery life influence is bigger. Most in the indicator light changes charger, battery charged instructions after filling into electricity may be 97% ~ 99%. Although only 1% ~ 3% owed rechargeable battery, the influence of XuHang ability, but also can be formed, so the battery charging owe accumulated with electric light changes as soon as possible after or continue to restrain battery charging, float sulfide is good.

4 and timely charging.

After discharge battery began vulcanization process, 12 hours in the beginning, there is an obvious sulfide. Timely charging, can remove not serious vulcanization, if not charging, these vulcanization crystallization will gather and gradually formed a bulky crystallization, general charger for these bulky crystallization is helpless, and will gradually formed battery capacity drops, shorten the life of the battery. So, besides daily charge, but also pay attention to the outside, after using the charging, early as possible so that the battery in full status.

5 and regular deep discharge.

Batteries are a deep discharge also regularly to activate “battery”, the capacity of the battery can be slightly ascension. Generally, the method is a regular for battery completely discharge. To completely discharge method is in smooth surfaces under the condition of normal load bike to the first voltage protection. Note, we emphasize the first voltage protection. In the first battery voltage protection, battery through after a period of time, the voltage will rise, and returned to the voltage state, if use the battery, the battery damage. In complete discharge completely, battery is fully charged on. Feel battery capacity to improve.

6 and develop the good habit of saving some.

Use glide. If possible, the downhill slide slowdown in advance by electricity. When the traffic lights will meet in advance into the taxi, minimize the brake. A friend told me, he is rather than a bay will reduce a brake, it is reasonable.

Start-up time, had better add, not only can improve bike, but also can reduce starting velocity of battery power loss and damage to life.

7, pay attention to the environment of charging.

The best environment temperature is charge of 25 degrees Celsius. Now most charger not adapt to the environment temperature automatic control system, so most charger is designed in accordance with the environmental temperature 25 degrees Celsius, under the condition of 25 degrees Celsius in charge. Otherwise, it will inevitably occur in winter and summer owe the charging charging problems. But the environment temperature in 25 degrees Celsius, less time must have summer charging battery. Winter owe Most families are in now, so indoor temperature-adjusting, charging the battery, the best arrangement is ventilated and chargers and tempering in the environment.

Note the battery in winter in the north is outdoor temperature condition into warm indoor, cell surface appear frost condensation. In order to avoid any cause of frosting on batteries battery leakage, should rise to temperature with indoor temperature and dry again after charging.

8 and make full use of service conditions

Many electric bicycle dealers can provide repair and maintenance of the battery service, should make full use of these services. Some brands of electric bicycle for battery maintenance. Such as: the battery for preventive maintenance, can reduce the damage to the battery. Battery charged state repair can relieve “battery” failure, but behind these to the maintenance ability with the dealer is easy. For loss, when the battery capacity is more than 70% of the filling water when the battery capacity 40% of the effect is better. Even some brand products are put forward: the stipulated time not to give up the cells repair warranty period. Make consumers should not happen by losses. Therefore, consumers should fully utilize the conditions extend battery overhaul increases the life of the battery.

Through these methods, the user can extend the life of the battery. Some users XuHang mileage is short, the life of the battery is relatively long, some problems are relatively difficult to find. Therefore, the article 4 to say “deep discharge” is a problem that battery, don’t wait for the serious problem of batteries when they handle hard.

A, Nickel cadmium battery (Nickel – Cadmiun Batteries)

1 nickel cadmium battery can repeat 500 times more charge-discharge, very economy.
2 for small and large internal discharge, and when it changes when discharging voltage, small as dc power is a kind of excellent quality of the battery,
3 because of the sealed, it will not have electrolyte leakage phenomenon, also don’t need to supplement electrolyte,
4 and other types of cells, in contrast, nickel cadmium battery charging resistance or pass electricity, easy to operate,
5 long placed next to performance degradation, when electricity is filled out when the original properties,
6. Can be used in a wide range of temperature range,
7 just because it USES metal containers, and have strong mechanical,
8. Nickel cadmium battery in very strict quality management is manufactured, have very good quality of rice.

Second, nickel cadmium battery discharge properties
1. According to the discharge current discharging voltage difference in how some 1.2 V is around,
2. Ah, the capacity of the battery in mAh units,
3 when the discharge end to discharge the limit when called “discharge termination voltage,” nickel cadmium battery discharge termination voltage 1.0 V/cell,
4 use temperature range – 20 ° ~ 60 degrees, in this range can undertake discharging.

Third, preservation of attention
1 in – 30 degrees c ~ 50 degrees Celsius temperature range, but if it is kept in a long time, please put the case in 35 degrees below preservation,
2 for charging status or discharge of preservation is possible, but compared to discharge capacity can be easily earlier reply and activated,
3 when the battery in long placed before use, must be completely charge before use.

Four, nickel cadmium battery memory effects (effect) with memory
When the nickel cadmium battery repeat after several times of low capacity after, if must do a relatively large discharge battery will not when, this kind of situation we called “memory effects”. Memory effects may be nickel cadmium battery in the most easily misunderstood. High voltage is set to terminate discharge the VCR, with the lower voltage is used, on the surface, but seems as low voltage discharge is 1 ~ 2 times by the discharge completely and solve this phenomenon. Suggestions after ten times a discharge battery, in order to prevent the suggestion.

Lithium batteries,

A, Lithium Ion Lithium Battery (a) features:

1. With high density and high capacity than nickel cadmium battery energy for its volume, weight energy density of 1.5 times for 2 times,
2 high voltage, the average voltage is 3.6 V, nickel cadmium battery nimh batteries, three times (nickel cadmium, nimh batteries voltage of 1.2 V),
3 the use of voltage and high capacity; plain,
4 the load characteristics, can discharge 2C,
5 the extensive use of the temperature – 200c.best ~ 60 ° c
6 good life, through the charging and discharging after discharge capacity of 500 times at least 70%.

Ni-mh battery and lithium battery difference:

A weight

With each unit cell voltage, and nickel cadmium nimh is 1.2 V, and lithium battery is 3.6 V, lithium battery voltage is the other two 3 times. And the same type of lithium batteries battery weight with nickel cadmium battery almost equal, and nickel nimh batteries are heavier. That every cell itself, but the lithium battery weight by 3.6 V output voltage, high voltage under the condition of the same number of individual cells that gives can reduce one-third and make after battery weight and volume decreases.

Second, the memory effects
With ni-cd battery are the same memory effects. Therefore, the regular discharge management is also required. This regular discharge by fuzzy condition belongs to, even some incorrect knowledge under each discharge or use discharge (several times after discharge for company’s varies) this complicated discharge management in use when nimh batteries is inevitable. Relative of lithium battery for no memory effect, because of the very convenient in use. It is not how much heed residual voltage directly, can undertake rechargeable battery can shorten the time nature.

Third, self-discharge rate
Nickel cadmium battery for 15-30% (month). Ni-mh battery for 25 ~ 35% (month), lithium battery for 2 ~ 5 (month). Above the nimh batteries, and is the largest self-discharge lithium batteries with other two kinds of special than batteries discharge rate is extremely low.

Four, charging ways
Ni-mh battery and lithium battery charging can resistance. Therefore, the current nimh batteries to PICK the battery recharging voltage control way in how to reach the highest, stop charging for best charging ways. But while using lithium battery voltage, current, the best way to recharge, if the nickel cadmium battery charger – DV control for ni-mh battery charging words and lithium batteries.

Error: laptops to buy back again to activate battery charging and discharging three times.
Unless you buy laptop is more than one year, the product inventory or need not do so, because of the battery factory now in the core, and have been activated when the core notebook batteries into when once again to activate the inspection, so you take the battery is activated, the three times, the process of charging and discharging is meaningless increase battery depletion. Error: the first charge must be charged enough for 12 hours.

Error: the first charge must be charged enough for 12 hours
This for those early no batteries control circuit of the machine is applicable nimh batteries, but for now, an intelligent control circuit of the laptop battery charge is a joke, when the notebook computer batteries charging current with, will be cut off, even if you continue to filling 120 hours, the state has also won’t have any change, generally speaking, even the slowest charging machine, 6 hours, completely filled with “charge” is just wasting your time. But when the new machine is to get the power should be shining recharging.

Error: battery needs regular correction, once a month were completely.
For the strong memory effects, this is the nimh batteries must work, but for lithium batteries, this cycle is too often, though not completely eliminate lithium batteries, but has memory effects greatly abate the memory effect, if you use the battery is frequent, so you should be discharged to a lower (about 10-15%), but if the discharge recharging the machine can’t open (0-1), is to have greater damage of lithium batteries, generally speaking the depth discharge every 2 months to do this operation. If you rarely used batteries, so just once every 3 months of this operation.

Four: calibration error can ascend battery capacity
When the battery is called correction, the actual capacity and control circuit of the record for different capacity battery charging and discharging operations, a depth to control circuit, and make record close to the actual situation of the battery, the battery is an expression of the real capacity and non-ascending capacity, here is the key factor of the battery, the battery actual capacity than the actual capacity, if the control circuit of the record, the capacity of the battery capacity calibration can look, if increase battery capacity than the actual control circuit of the record low of capacity, correction will reduce battery capacity, it also seems to correction is many people argue, please remember that the real correction is a battery capacity, eliminate battery and deviation between the control circuit and the capacity is displayed as will increase or decrease, this is the state battery itself instead of your calibration of the decision. Probably because of the depth of the battery when correcting, instead of discharge capacity drops greatly.

Myth 5.not: compatible charger can also use
The notebook computer power far outweigh the mobile phone, in the most extreme cases, power supply for battery and to cope with the machine run at full speed for power supply, notebook computer is not compatible with each type of battery charger, because of voltage, current, or interface are different, can be in a variety of universal notebook “compatible charger” probably even more expensive than the original charger, even the same interface, if the voltage and current under the nominal value, machine working at the machine when battery may be unable to gain enough for the battery charging electric current, the damage is great. If the voltage and current under nominal values, even find too many fundamental unbootable or can boot cannot charge, so choose to choose the best of power and the same, original couldn’t find words, please pay attention to the voltage and current must conform to the machine, with the nominal values of different products, but generally the same interface voltages and currents may be different, it must pay attention!

Error: full battery electric (or need) save electric light
Both full or light, it is incorrect, light electricity for long-term preservation will lose activity core, even control circuit protection self-locking and can’t use, full of electricity for long-term preservation will bring safe hidden trouble, the most ideal method is about 40% to discharge and preservation, lithium battery moist and fear, therefore, should be high in cool and dry place, but may not be too low temperature, otherwise will greatly reduce the capacity of about 20 degrees Celsius temperature preservation is the ideal.

Seven: the battery and error can still change core
Many of the battery is such a change of deadly, manufacturers seem expected someone will do so, many brand notebook batteries design are locking function, once the core from control circuit, circuit entered self-locking condition, only use a specific method can solve, before this control circuit will not work, namely battery core notebook batteries, equivalent to scrap the dry batteries can not change, if you want to change, please remember to find core of battery maintenance companies to settle in fencing, his efforts, the void after failure of depression and depressed is the worst.

After eight: 99 misunderstanding, continue to less than 100% charged rechargeable would explode
The laptop battery explosion is almost no chance at a high fever, caused by melting, but rarely shell caused by fire, released a few accident is due to the fact that the production process, when in use to cause a short-circuit, even the most short circuit will be in the battery protection circuit disconnected from greater harm circuit, unless it is in the core short-circuit protection circuit before. It is so many things in the mobile phone battery, ultimately or the quality problem, mobile phones have plenty of inferior assembly, notebook computer batteries almost never such a battery, because no sale which type of ownership is compatible to produce batteries.

1, invisible battery back-up

Your cell phone battery shortage, in order to make it can continue to use, according to * imports, # key reboot, after the start, you will find the power increased by 50%. This part of the hidden spare power with you must charge

Again, when the battery, the battery back-up invisible also charging, next time again low power can use this method. Know the emergency power shortage is very useful if mobile phones.
2, the handset battery don’t wait no electricity charge.

We will have a general idea of the mobile phone battery power is to put all finished recharging better basically is right, because we use rechargeable batteries before most nimh batteries are (NiH), and the so-called nimh batteries are put through memory effects if not words will lead to more electricity filling rapidly shrinking battery life. Therefore, we will use the last drop start charging electricity. But now, phone and general product with lithium most IA (Li) battery, and lithium battery is no memory effects. If you still wait all finished with electricity after filling words can make instead of lithium battery internal chemical reaction and life can reduce. The best way is to have it kept charging anytime, so best full lattice of your battery can be used for long. This is the manufacturer, and gets the message itself and testing.
3, a mobile phone with don’t use reception and a full only when compared to launch strength unexpectedly are more than 1,000 times as. So… Always speak phone… Should notice oh… @0@, from a mobile operators there yesterday won a very important message, that is when you find your mobile phone reception strength only one case, would rather talk or switch to hold a public phone. Just don’t talking, still, deep, stop, endless… Why? Everybody knows the phone is always let people worry about electromagnetic. And mobile phones to reception in poor regions can still keep quite call quality

The electromagnetic wave, will strengthen mobile launch reception. When a full and only when compared to launch strength unexpectedly are more than 1,000 times as high strength. Electromagnetic 0.6 W (watts) 0.6 W how strong? I can’t describe it to your head will have anything bad influence, but can change to compare two examples:

2 very few people know mobile 4 big hidden function! ZT –

1) diameter is about 4 centimeter horn of small radio the largest open and then stick in the ear, that the noise is generally energy, less than 0.5 w. w. 0.25.

2) finger on the output of the laser light intensity 0.1 W (equivalent to the front lines? D fibre optic network energy) seconds you will have stings feeling, you can long endure the above two kinds of situation?

How can you confirm that the electromagnetic wave to 0.6 W in your ears will fine?
How to keep the cell phone battery back

When your cell phone battery short (memory effects or aging), whether you’ll buy a battery to replace?

The next time you encounter this kind of situation when please save you money, tell you a very effective method might as well try:

The 1) battery again into the plastic wrap paper wrapping package well into the freezer days (newspapers can absorb excess moisture)

After three days at 2) removed down days

3) days after the battery charging and fill in mobile phone wrapped test (estimate can save 80-90%),

Lithium ion battery and cadium battery completely different. As long as you convenient, you can always for lithium ion battery, altogether like that, in order to make cadium battery performance will be the maximum discharge completely, must be to charge and must be filled. And cadium battery charging for a long time, if the battery of liquid crystal, stop, and you will be filled with electricity cannot completely discharge the malignant consequence of li-ion battery life. EChuan: li-ion battery charging only 300-500 times, then the need for replacement.
The correct view of life and rechargeable lithium electricity: complete cycle times, and charging times have no direct relation.
A battery charging cycles of electricity used by all full, again by filling the air filled. This is not the same as filling. You can do many charging to complete this cycle. Example: you in use, first with the 40%, after a period of time and the 20%, after filling in a 30%, again next 20%. At the midway, namely just 20% of the power of the supplementary 10%, 20% + 30% due to 40% + + 10% = 100%, total cumulative completed a battery charging cycles (this is your period, four times after completion of the battery is next).
Be like again, a piece of li-ion battery only half on the first day, then it with electricity. If so, the half is still in charge and twice, it can only be considered as a charging cycles, rather than two. Therefore, usually may be completed by several charging a cycle. Each completed a rechargeable battery, will reduce cycle. However, decreased is very small, high quality of battery charging, after several cycles will still retain the original power supply 80%, a lot of li-ion battery products after two or three years, is still as usual. Of course li-ion battery life to eventually need to change. Li-ion battery life is commonly 300-500 recharge cycles. If a completely discharge the battery for Q, provided such as not consider each charge of electricity, after the cycle of life in the lithium electricity is total can provide for its complement or 300Q – 500Q power (also quite and you have 300-500 full battery power, and your frequency of the battery has added). If want to use to say your battery, for example, can only understand this: every time you use 1/2 is filling, can fill 600-1000 times, If each would filling with 1/3, can fill 900-1500. By analogy, if the random charging, frequency. Anyhow, no matter how filling, total added into the power 300Q 500Q – it is a constant. Therefore, we can also understand so: lithium battery life and battery charging power, the total number of charging and independent. Deep put deep and shallow light filling for lithium electricity let’s life. In fact, shallow light filling lithium electricity to put more beneficial, only in the power supply module products for lithium electricity do when it has deep calibration of necessary put deep. Therefore, the use of lithium electricity supply products don’t get bogged down in the process, with convenient at first, all charge, need not worry about impact longevity. So, we use USB always do not only for battery charging shallow, harmless, advantageous instead.
In lithium batteries, we may is unfavorable ignored:
If the above provisions, the operating temperature is above 35 ° C using lithium electricity in the environment, battery power will continue to reduce battery power, long time not as usual. If the temperature in this, as in battery charging equipment, the greater the damage will be. Even in a thermal environment, storage battery will inevitably cause corresponding to the quality of the battery. Therefore, to maintain the benefit of the operating temperature is to extend the life of lithium electricity. If in the low temperature environment, namely below 4 ° C using lithium electricity, will also found time to reduce the use of cell phones, some of the original lithium electricity in low temperature environment and even the filling. But don’t worry too much, this is just a temporary situation, different from the use of high temperature environment temperature rises, once the molecules, cells, and immediately heated to previous power. Want to play the maximum efficiency of lithium ion battery, will need often use it, let the electrons within the lithium electricity is always in the flow condition. If you don’t often use li-ion battery, please remember that every month to complete a rechargeable lithium electricity power, do a cycle of calibration, namely the deep put deep filling.