It is very long history of batteries, the world’s oldest about 2,000 years ago, battery originated in Baghdad, this is called “the battery, still preserved,” in the Iraqi capital museum (now? Have you ever been blown)? .
Batteries are two commonly used respectively, the parameters of voltage and capacity. Voltage across mainly depends on the material. Generally, the dry are 1.5 V, and rechargeable batteries voltage 1.2 V. How much is the capacity for electricity, with discharge current and discharge time of product. For example 500mAh capacity of the battery, the battery is refers to the discharge current 500mA, can use 1 hour. Obviously, if 250mA with the discharge current, can use 2 hours, and so forth.
The battery is used commonly, alkaline batteries, manganese dry nickel cadmium battery, the battery, the battery laminated button. Manganese zinc dry, nominal voltage 1.5 V, cheap, but continuous discharge, not suitable, and cannot anti-shocking charge, only applies to a small current electronic circuit. Manganese dry a strange characteristics, intermittent discharge time and continuous discharge than time, this is a common trick of dry.
Alkaline batteries, nominal voltage is 1.5 V, its electrolyte is water soluble potassium hydroxide solution, large capacity, can anti-shocking, various aspects are superior properties of manganese dry. In practice, the need to large current circuit, alkaline battery can play a role. Alkaline dry in the use of the tape, heard WALKMAN than common battery life long, the camera in many flash every cell, can use nickel alkaline battery is the best choice. But the alkaline battery price is more expensive.
Most of the alkaline battery chassis, marked “no charge” Chinese or English, but in fact, the alkaline batteries can be recharged, can charge a dozen times. Only on the alkaline battery can take small current charge, using the method of charging current 50mA advisable, and most of the charger charging electric current is larger, the battery in liquid flows, corrosion appliances. LR20 LR6 battery, representing one representative 5 alkaline.
Ordinary manganese, single to dry for the model, the common R v battery R6P is high capacity. Bitbaby like elephants “brand alkaline battery electric equipment.
Many calculators are used in the solar energy, light photocell to button batteries. Solar cells have rectangular flake, also have the round shape transistors. Each piece can produce 0.5 V, more pieces of voltage series, in order to improve the voltage of parallel to increase output current. But generally and button cells in parallel, in the power stored at any time, to small load power supply.
Nickel for every battery is well known, no longer. According to Bitbaby know, small Japan in early 1990s was banned in every cell, nickel production to protect their environment. Now on the market IN love and never dull so much beauty of the battery is nickel isolation which come from? Now, with the help of nimh batteries, and no capacity and environmental protection, and memory effects. Cadmium harmful to human body!
Characteristics as follows:
Portable design: the weight of 4 kilograms, waterproof, sample test machine at the gym, track or any site at swimming pool, etc
.
Enzyme membrane layer between the fixed in sample, not with the cost of test and consumption, lower than other enzymatic, Enzyme membrane life will not be sample
The number of YangPinLiang influence, and save more.
Microprocessor control, select type menu software guide each procedure, simple, convenient.
Equipped with automatic correction function, instrument in each sample with a reference standard automatically check again, with liquid calibration test between any
Slight drift, ensure the accuracy of the results of each.
Instrument with manual correction function, the operator can choose omit reference check procedure, liquid shorter working hours and reduce reagent consumption.
Scope of testing 30 hair Moore, can direct test most samples without dilution.
Blood samples can be measured in acquisition can be injected directly into the test instrument, dispense with rigmarole of samples.
YangPinLiang low, only 25 edged, Blood samples from the ears, or finger without beads made venipuncture.
Equipped with memory storage system, as many as 150 sample data, including test results, sample Numbers, the test date and time, from copying
When the human errors may occur. Sample results for long-term preservation, not shut off the power and disappeared.
With RS232 interface, test report directly to the computer for storage and further analysis and reporting.
Another thing, JiXuan printed with infrared measuring results provide data from copying and diagnosis, the mistake.
Equipped with complete diagnosis function, facilitating master of all parts of equipment operation conditions, Instrument maintenance and repair work becomes very light loose simple.
Lead-acid gel battery charging, use a can provide no less than 8 hours to work time. Within the charger, prevent battery with protection circuit for charging and tear.
The notebook computer batteries is relative to the heart, and the advantage of the desktop. Most laptop batteries and now works mostly in the time between 2 ~ 4 hours, may not meet the needs of users. Thus, for those who need to move office or often ambulating, prepare a backup battery is very necessary. Moreover, notebook batteries are used in a year later, consumables its performance will be decreased obviously, plus some customers usually don’t pay attention to and maintenance of the battery, the battery performance quickly and is not a rare example of early scrapping. How to choose a cost-effective battery is keen to know many users. We will talk about the battery.
Notebook batteries and not common battery, the user must first understand oneself before the battery types. Support machine, Most laptop computers using lithium battery, which is the lithium ion battery is common. Another is the lithium battery, but only in some high-end thin laptop. Lithium battery is commonly by core group, the protection circuit and the capacity of monitoring and communication circuit, etc. From the parameters, battery capacity is one of the most concern. Currently battery capacity in 3000 commonly 4500mAh ~ between, also have the capacity of 6000mAh equipped.
The higher the theory, at the same time the configuration used is longer. The manufacturer for laptop battery has a detailed introduction, we often can see the “six core 4400mAh”, “four core values 2200mAh”, but actually nominal battery capacity 4400mAh 2200mAh or not directly determine the working time of the notebook. When we talk about the computer power consumption, total want to use power nominal, rather than simply current. In common 2200mAh, 3.6 V core, for example, some little May 4th series components, the battery voltage, capacity 2200mAh 14.4 V. While many 14 inches above the notebook, may adopt 2 and 4 series of eight core mixed mode, voltage, capacity of 14.4 V 4400mAh achieve doubled, longer time. However, also is the core 2200mAh, 3.6 V, if the 2 and 3 of the mixed mode 6 core, its battery capacity remains for 4400mAh, voltage drops to 10.8 V, if at the time of its use capacity, and eight core battery should be. If the power to calculate, eight core lithium battery, power should be 63.36 Wh, 6 core for 47.52 Wh, four core for 31.68 Wh. If this value, the core of lithium battery 8 advantage to manifest.
When the choose and buy must pay attention to the battery appearance, generally brand battery shell mould is more normative, then when the notebook computer may be difficult or loose from the loading condition; Don’t buy when the choose and buy another coarser and label handwriting clear cell. In addition, some new batteries battery as high guard and revision of the battery, the battery should also pay attention to the electrode wear generally heavier and glossiness traces are not new battery.
Nickel cadmium battery is composed of two plates, one is using nickel, another is the cadmium in batteries two metal occurs reversible reaction, battery recharging. Nickel cadmium is characteristic of “firm”, cheap price. Defect is for environmental pollution metal cadmium battery capacity, small, short life, so the battery is nickel cadmium battery, cheap, and every memory effects are charging and discharging charge shall be first.The battery is nickel cadmium battery replacement products, relative to the nickel cadmium battery, it is all the more remarkable nimh batteries. It greatly reduces the nickel cadmium in batteries “memory effects”, which makes use of nimh batteries more convenience, more long use life cycle (up to 1,000 times). In addition, still have the capacity nimh batteries, discharge, high resistance to overcharge depth and discharge, charging time short obvious advantages. The most important is no longer used nimh batteries toxic metal material, can eliminate the as pollution to the environment. At the same time, in the electrical characteristics and nickel cadmium battery basic similar, in actual applications can completely replace the nickel cadmium battery without the need for any modification of the camera? / P >
Of course, also not perfect nimh batteries, it also exist some disadvantages. It is poorer, high temperature characteristics in 45 degrees Celsius above and below 0 degrees under the environment of the cryogenic environment, will not work properly nimh batteries, even cannot start the camera, In addition, the battery is relatively high self-discharge, storage after period of time will find it’s power decrease, There is a nimh batteries exist mild memory effects.
Nickel cadmium (Cd) battery Ni -
Voltage: 1.2 V
Life is: 500 times
Discharge temperature of 20 degrees: – 60 ° ~
Charge temperature for: 0 degrees ~ 45 degrees
Note: the overcharge resistant ability.
Ni-mh battery (Ni fd-mh)
Voltage: 1.2 V
Life is: 1000 times
Discharge temperature of: – 10 ° to 45 °
Charge temperature for: 10 degrees ~ 45 degrees
Note: the maximum capacity is 2100mAh around.
Lithium ion battery (Li lon) -
Voltage: 3.6 V
Life is: 500 times
Discharge temperature of 20 degrees: – 60 ° ~
Charge temperature for: 0 degrees ~ 45 degrees
Note: light weight more than 30% ~ 40% nimh batteries, 60% higher capacity nimh batteries. But, if not overcharge resistant to high temperature can cause overcharge > = destroyed structure.
Li-ion polymer battery (Li), polymer -
Voltage: 3.7 V
Life is: 500 times
Discharge temperature of 20 degrees: – 60 ° ~
Charge temperature for: 0 degrees ~ 45 degrees
Note: the lithium electricity, no improvement, and convert battery fluid, can make all sorts of polymer solid electrolyte of lithium batteries, shape.
Lead-acid battery (Sealed)
Voltage: 2V
Life for 200-300 times.
Discharge temperature of: 0 ~ 45 degrees
Charge temperature for: 0 degrees ~ 45 degrees
Note: is it is generally vehicle battery (6) into the 12V 2V series, the battery life water for 10 years, but the volume and the quantity is the biggest of all
Solar energy is the inexhaustible renewable energy. Also clean energy, do not produce any pollution. In the effective use of solar energy, Can use is the sun arises in photoelectric the fastest, most vigorous development of research field, is one of the most of the project. Therefore, people and develop the solar cells. Make solar battery is mainly based on semiconductor materials, its working principle is using photoelectric material absorb the light after conversion reaction, according to the photoelectric from different materials and solar cell can be divided into: 1, silicon solar battery, 2 and inorganic salt as gallium arsenide III – V compounds, cadmium sulphide, copper indium selenium, multiple compound material for the battery, 3 and the sun arises functional polymer battery can, 4 and nanocrystalline solar battery, etc. In whatever material to produce batteries, solar battery materials general requirement is: 1, semiconductor materials with not too wide, ban 2, have higher photoelectric conversion efficiency: 3, material itself to the environment pollution, 4 and materials for industrial production and stable performance. Based on the above aspects into consideration, silicon solar battery is the most ideal material, which is mainly silicon solar cells are the main reasons. But along with the continuous development of new materials and related technology development, and in other mixture village on the basis of solar cells are also increasingly shows attractive prospect. This paper gives a review of the solar cell types and research status, and discusses the development and the trend of the solar cells.
1 in silicon solar cells
1.1 monocrystalline silicon solar battery
Silicon solar battery, monocrystalline silicon series batteries conversion efficiency is highest can sun arises, the most mature technology. High-performance monocrystalline cells is based on high quality materials and related silicon into hot processing technology. Now the electricity to process have monocrystalline nearly ripe, the battery production, generally using surface texture, launching district passivation, partition doped technology etc, are mainly develop battery planar monocrystalline cells and groove buried grid electrode monocrystalline cells. To improve the efficiency of conversion from mainly rely on silicon surface microstructure processing and partition doped process. In this aspect, Germany’s fee charges, huo solar system, maintains the world advanced level. This research USES camera battery technology will lithography surface texture, made inverted pyramid. And in the 13nm a surface. The thick with two layers passivation oxides coatings combined minus reflection. Through improved plating process increase screen width and height ratio: through the battery into more than 23% greater efficiency, it is worth of 23.3%. Kyocera company preparation of large 225cm2 (single crystal solar cell) power conversion efficiency for 19.44%, domestic Beijing institute of solar energy is also actively effectively crystalline silicon solar battery research and development, the development of planar efficient monocrystalline cells (2cm X 2cm) conversion efficiency reached 19.79% groove, silicon crystal buried grid electrode (5cm X 5cm) conversion efficiency of 8.6%.
Monocrystalline silicon solar battery conversion efficiency is undoubtedly the highest in large-scale application and industrial production is still the dominant, but because the price of materials and the corresponding monocrystalline trival, which affect the battery technology, high silicon cost greatly reduce the cost to think is very difficult. In order to save the high quality material, looking for alternative products monocrystalline cells, now developed film solar cells, including polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cells and amorphous silicon thin film solar cells is a typical representative.
1.2 polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cells
Usually the crystalline silicon solar cells in the thickness is 3.5-450 muon m high quality silicon wafer, and this made on from the ingot casting tiras or saw on. Therefore the actual amount of silicone material more. In order to save material, people from the mid-seventies began in cheap substrate polysilicon film, but because the sedimentary growth of silicon membrane grain size, not made valuable solar cells. In order to obtain large size of grain, people have been film hasn’t stopped research, and put forward many methods. There were more than batteries polysilicon film by chemical vapor deposition, including chemical vapor deposition (low LPCVD) and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique process. In addition, the liquid phase epitaxy (LPPE) and sputtering method can also be used for preparation of polysilicon film batteries.
Chemical vapor deposition is mainly SiH2Cl2, SiHCl3, Sicl4 or SiH4, for certain gases under the protective atmosphere reacts silicon atom and deposition in the heat of the substrate is generally selected Si substrate materials, etc., Si3N4 and SiO2 But the study found that in the silicon substrate to form larger grain, and easy in grain formed between the gap. To solve this problem is to use in the substrate LPCVD ablaze sink a thin layer of amorphous silicon, the layer of amorphous silicon layer of annealing, get bigger grain, and then again in the seeds deposited on the wafer polysilicon film thickness, therefore, recrystallization technology is an important part of the current technology, main solid-phase crystallization and central melting recrystallization method. Poly membrane batteries used in recrystallization processes, almost all other USES for the preparation of monocrystalline silicon solar energy cell technology
And so the solar cell can obviously improve the efficiency of conversion. Germany at the area of solar technology in library recrystallization FZ Si substrate of polysilicon battery conversion efficiency, mitsubishi Japan 19% in the preparation of battery, 16.42% efficiency.
Liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) method is melting in the silicon in the matrix, reduce temperature silicon membrane separation. American Astropower company adopts LPE preparation battery efficiency 12.2%. China photoelectric technology development center of ChenZheLiang using liquid extension method in metallurgical level on a silicon wafer growth of grain, and designed a kind of similar to the crystalline silicon thin film solar cells, called the “new solar battery silicon solar battery,” but the report could not see.
Poly membrane using silicon batteries due to less than monocrystalline silicon, and efficiency, and possible recession in the substrate, the preparation of cheap cost far below the higher efficiency, monocrystalline cells and amorphous silicon thin film battery, therefore, polycrystalline silicon solar battery will soon in the dominant power supply field.
130 amorphous silicon thin film solar cells
Development of solar battery, two key questions is: to improve efficiency and reduce cost. Because of amorphous silicon thin film solar cells with low cost, easy mass production, general attention and rapid development, early in the early 1970s, Carlson, etc have started to development of amorphous silicon cells in its research work, work have developed rapidly, the world has had many
Companies in the production of the battery products.
Amorphous silicon solar materials as though is a kind of very good battery materials, but due to its optical bandgap 1.7 for eV, and makes the material itself to solar radiation spectrum of long not sensitive areas, thus limiting amorphous silicon solar battery conversion efficiency. In addition, the photoelectric efficiency as the time of light and attenuation, namely the continuation of the so-called “S to a recession, battery performance W effect of instability. To solve these problems, the size is laminated solar battery, preparation of laminated solar battery consists in the preparation of n, p, single and solar battery on deposition of one or more p – I – n son batteries. Stack to improve conversion efficiency of solar cells, solve the stability of single “battery problem: (1) it is the width of the different section material in together, improve the spectral range of responses, 2 I layer top batteries are thin and light changed electric-field intensity of the light, I was born; spare carriers 3 of the battery for single battery charge carriers to recession effect, decreases, 4 the laminated solar battery is together.
Amorphous silicon thin film solar cells have lots of preparation methods, including the reaction PECVD sputtering, LPCVD method, method, the raw materials for H2 dilution of gas SiH4, mainly for the glass and stainless steel substrate, amorphous silicon thin film made by different batteries process can be made by batteries and laminated solar cells. Currently amorphous silicon solar battery has two big progress: first, three laminated structure of amorphous silicon solar battery conversion efficiency to set a new record; 13%, The second. Three laminated solar cell production capacity of 5MW. United solar companies (VSSC) system of single supreme conversion efficiency of solar cells for 9.3 per cent, the highest searc gap three laminated battery conversion efficiency 13%.
The conversion efficiency is highest in a small area (0.25 cm2) battery. Single and have been reported in the literature of amorphous silicon solar battery conversion efficiency, Japanese academia sinica than 12.5% adopted a series of new measures, the amorphous silicon cells for the conversion efficiency 13.2%. Domestic about amorphous silicon thin film solar cells, especially the study of laminated, nankai university GengXinHua of such materials, industrial aluminium was back electrode 20X20cm2 area for the conversion efficiency, 8.28% – - Si Si/laminated solar cells.
Amorphous silicon solar battery due to the high efficiency and low cost and weight etc, has great potential. But also because of its stability is not high, the direct impact of its practical application. If you can solve problems and further improve stability problem, so, conversion of amorphous silicon solar battery is undoubtedly the sun arises to the main product development is one of the battery.
2 multiple compound film solar cells
In order to find alternative monocrystalline cells, people in developed polysilicon, amorphous silicon thin film solar cells, and constantly develop other materials of solar cells. Include gallium arsenide iii-v compounds, cadmium sulphide, cadmium sulphide and copper Gu selenium film batteries etc. These cells, although the cadmium sulphide, tellurium polycrystalline cadmium battery efficiency is relatively thin film solar cells of amorphous silicon, high efficiency, low cost, and also monocrystalline cells to mass production, but due to cadmium has virulent, causing serious pollution of environment, therefore, not crystalline silicon solar battery ideal substitute gallium arsenide III – V compounds and copper indium selenium film batteries due to the high efficiency of the universal attention by people. GaAs belongs to iii-v semiconductor compound material, the gap of 1.4 eV, just as high absorptivity of sunshine, so, it is an ideal material for battery. GaAs etc III – V compounds were mainly adopts the technology, which MOVPE and MOVPE method LPE preparation of GaAs film substrate dislocation, battery by reaction pressure, III – V ratio, the influence of various parameters etc blade.
Besides, other III – GaAs Gasb, compounds such as V GaInP battery material also being developed. In 1998, Germany, solar system, the system of GaAs conversion efficiency of solar cells, for European record for 24.2%. The first preparation GaInP battery conversion efficiency for 14.7%. See table 2. In addition, the institute also adopts stack structure, preparation of GaAs Gasb battery, the battery is two independent battery stacked together, as the battery, GaAs battery Gasb is, the battery efficiency 31.1%.
Copper indium CuInSe2 selenium as CIC. The material can drop for CIS, suitable for leV employs 1. The sun photoelectric, moreover, CIS film solar cells, does not exist to recession. Therefore, high conversion efficiency of CIS used for film solar cells material also caused the people’s attention.
The preparation of CIS batteries are mainly vacuum film deposition method and selenide method. Vacuum deposition method is adopted their source of indium and steam copper, selenium, selenide method is used H2Se laminated film, but the selenium is composed of CIS have uniform. CIS film battery from the 1980s initially 8% of the conversion efficiency to the current development of about 15 per cent. Japan’s matsushita electric industrial company of development of CIS mixed gallium battery, the photoelectric conversion efficiency for 1cm2 area (15.3%). In 1995, American renewable energy laboratory developed conversion efficiency for 17. L % of CIS solar battery, this is by far the world’s highest conversion efficiency of the battery. Expected to 2000 CIS battery conversion efficiency will reach 20%, polycrystalline silicon solar energy cell.
CIS as solar cells semiconductor materials, low price and good performance has advantages such as simple process and development in the future, will become an important direction of solar cells. The only problem is, because the material sources of indium and selenium is rare elements are, therefore, this kind of cell development limited.
3 polymer layers modified electrodes solar cells
In the solar battery in polymer instead of inorganic materials are just beginning of a solar system dad research direction. Its principle is to use different supplies oxidation of different polymers, REDOX potential in conductive material (electrode) surface composite multi-layer made similar inorganic P, N – “one-way conductive device. One of the lining of the electrode potential by reduction of polymer modification, low layer of high polymer, electron transfer operation direction to the outer transfer only by lining, Another electrode modified opposite, and the first two electrodes are higher than the potential of polymer reduction of two kinds of polymer. When two modified electrodes into contain photosensitive of electrolytic waves hitting photoisomerization agent absorb light. After the electronic transfer to the reduction of potential lower electrode, the reduction in low electrode potential of electronic cannot transfer, only through the outer polymer/through the reduction of high potential to electrolyte, therefore electrodes in optical. /
Because organic material, make easy and flexible materials etc widely, cost advantages, and to utilize solar energy, cheap electricity has important significance. But with organic materials preparation of solar battery only just beginning, whether life, or the battery can and efficiency of inorganic materials, especially silicon. Can become a useful products, remains to be further study.
4 nanocrystalline chemical solar cells
In silicon solar cells in the development of solar battery is undoubtedly the most mature, but due to the high cost, cannot satisfy the requirement of large-scale promotion application. Therefore, people have been constantly in technology, the new material, the battery film etc are explored, and the recent development of nanometer TiO2 energy crystal solar cell and scientists.
The professor has successfully developed Gratzel Switzerland nanometer TiO2 chemical sun arises, domestic battery can some units are also on the research of this aspect. Nanocrystalline chemical solar battery) (hereinafter referred to as the NPC is composed of a kind of semiconductor material modification, the assembly to another large gap in the semiconductor, narrow the formation of semiconductor materials used in the transition metals such as the Os Ru sensitization dye, organic compounds big gap semiconductor materials for nanometer TiO2 and polycrystalline made electrode, besides NPCS batteries are still choose appropriate oxidation a reduction of electrolyte. Working principle: TiO2 nanocrystalline dye molecules absorb solar energy transition to excited excited, unstable, electronic quickly into adjacent TiO2, dye with lost quickly from electrolyte of electronic is compensated, TiO2 into the electricity in the final with conductive film and then enter through the outer loop current generated.
Nano TiO2 crystal solar cell’s advantage is that it is cheap cost and simple technology and stable performance. The photoelectric efficiency in production cost, only 10% for silicon solar cell 1/5 ~ 10. Life can reach 2O years. But because of this research and development of the battery has just started, estimates that the future will be progressively market.
5 the development trend of solar cells
From the above aspects, the discussion of solar cell materials, iii-v compounds and CIS by rare elements such as they made preparation, although the conversion efficiency of solar cells, but from sources, this kind of solar cells may not be dominant in the future. And the other two batteries nanocrystalline solar battery and polymer modified electrodes solar power to existing problems, their research, technology is mature, the conversion efficiency is low, the two kinds of batteries are still in the stage of exploration, inside short time should never replace of solar cells. Therefore, from the conversion efficiency and material sources, the key still is for the future development of silicon solar battery especially polysilicon and amorphous silicon thin film batteries. Because of polysilicon and amorphous silicon thin film batteries with high efficiency and low cost, relatively will eventually supplant monocrystalline cells, become the dominant products to the market.
To improve efficiency and reduce cost are considered in the preparation of solar cells are the two major factors, for the current silicon solar battery, is to further improve conversion efficiency is difficult. Therefore, the main research to develop new battery materials in how should focus on the lower cost and high efficiency of the existing in the solar battery is made of high quality slice, this is the most costly silicon solar battery. Therefore, how to ensure the high efficiency is lower the cost of substrate case is particularly important. But also the future development of solar cells to solve problems. Recently adopted some technology abroad have silicon strip as polysilicon film solar cells on the substrate, to reduce production cost, the effect is now.
Nickel cadmium battery is an early marker rechargeable battery, for “Ni – CD,” he monomer voltage 1.2 V, common have 7 (AAA), 5 (AA), 1, 2, and industrial models. He is relatively low self-discharge nimh batteries, resistance is small, the price is relatively cheap, Defect is easy produce memory effects. Battery capacity with the most widely used in the 5th (AA) battery, for example, single battery capacity can be 500MAH 850MHA – 600-700MAH mainstream, for the product.
Ni-mh battery is a new kind of high capacity rechargeable batteries, marked “Ni fd-mh”, many of his characteristics and nickel cadmium battery, superior nickel cadmium battery, is expected to replace traditional nickel cadmium battery. Ni-mh battery voltage of monomer, common model with 1.2 V nickel cadmium battery. His virtues are monomer battery capacity, low resistance, no memory effects, Defect is self-discharge higher. Battery capacity also widely used in the 5th (AA) battery, for example, single battery capacity of 1,000-1300MAH, widely used in mobile phone panels and digital cameras in power.
Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are currently polymer is advanced battery, it has the characteristics of high energy density, lithium batteries have light weight, small size, large capacity, no memory effect etc, but rechargeable lithium battery voltage is 3.6 V monomer, not directly substitution universal single day nickel cadmium/nimh batteries and demanding, need to recharge the battery chargers for. Due to the current lithium batteries depend mainly on imports, so the price is higher, mainly used in electronic products in high-grade
We usually need often buy rechargeable batteries are two main ahead. But it was generally lithium batteries battery products sell piece. Charge the battery life about 500 times, if use proper maintenance, can not only greatly extend battery life (many excellent battery can recycle 1000 times above), and make a battery capacity drops in minimum range and control for the users to save a lot of money.
The nominal handset lithium battery voltage is 3.6 V, filled voltage is 4.2 V, actually standard rate discharge (0.2 C, C is the lithium battery capacity of lithium battery) is usually in the platform of discharge in lithium batteries, 3.7 V bag actually include a protection board, protection board’s main function is to prevent the lithium battery charge and short circuit, so although marked the battery can use metal objects circuit batteries are negative, but you also have no relation, short circuit protection board will cut off discharge loop movement.
Because the chemical properties of lithium battery, if put the battery may be damaged after protecting circuit design, so need to avoid overdischarge, general design of the voltage protection 2.4-2.6 V, but in the use of mobile phones and mobile power management, internal would have detected in mobile phone circuit, the battery can show out fast, the voltage power is not enough, the battery is not to put off automatically. Lithium battery charging pressure setting in general, because this 4.35 V charging pressure value, if the largest IC shipments to 435 V battery voltage filling is a bit too, the best is 4.25 V will stop charging protection circuit design, I was also 435 V, I think probably because of the reason of IC shipments, because most of the parameters of the manufacturer chooses the IC, so in order to facilitate, I chose this paragraph.
Lithium battery charging process is as follows: firstly, if exceed voltage test voltage 2V, namely that battery performance is normal, began to recharge, charging standards of constant flow rate is 0.2 C, namely the battery will 860mAH 200mA close to the current charge, until, turn to 4.2 V battery, namely constant pressure constant voltage, current 4.2 V recharge current smaller and smaller, until in less than 0.01 C, namely, charging 10mA, full instructions for the battery can stop, also can continue to charge, but no longer increases the power of the battery, actually E398 rate is 0.4 C, plus the fact that each battery nor venting and nearly 30% of the electricity, so when the time is usually charged three hours or so may be filled.
1, buy choice: buying a digital camera battery must choose good prestige, after-sale security agents, dealers and packing batteries have damaged, attention should be laser anti-counterfeiting mark, manufacturers, and contact phone number, address, battery url, etc, pressure loss of deformation and contacts smudgy scratch etc; no The same brand battery businessman sales price difference is the basic difference is too big, can produce counterfeit suspected or otherwise. If economic conditions permit should choose purchase original battery, Other brand battery can compare with regular original battery.
2, no less frequent switch machine, with the flash card (and seek) : digital cameras in standby or frequent switch machine will cause the zd7000 battery depletion, In addition, if have automatic digital camera flashes Settings, dark will automatically start filming in May, so everyday situations should be used sparingly.
Three, use less LCD point, camera and replay: now digital SLRS mostly can frame and camera LCD, but the battery power increased by constantly, replay, so use battery power is! Want to prolong battery time time is best to reduce or not use camera tricks and LCD LCD automatically, standby time Settings should not be too long, don’t use is set to be turned off to conserve power.
4 and careful even pat function: because of the exposure to take such or shooting dark long, people use even pat function, because even pat is using the fuselage built-in cache to temporarily save image information, such not only photos are not clear is power.
5 and less with face recognition and FangDou function: start face recognition function of power will lead to loss. At present, most digital cameras are designed FangDou function, but more power, especially the lens SLR cameras FangDou open power greater use less as far as possible, so FangDou function, form the habit of use the tripod.
6, pay attention to the battery for safekeeping: digital camera for a long time, and shall not, insert the battery protective plastic, avoid battery contacts with other metal items, usually avoid collision, friction with sweat hand or dirty hands battery contacts, don’t touch, avoid contact with high extrusion collision, magnetic field, chemical corrosion items, not available with original battery charger, otherwise not matching will directly influence the battery life.
Forbattery, maintenance, car battery is an indispensable part of the market, according to the existing battery varieties can be divided into two kinds: the traditional lead-acid battery and domestic popularity in recent years in the WeiHuXing free use of battery.
Lead-acid battery consists of plus or minus plate, partition, shell, electrolyte and wiring components, the discharge or the chemical reaction is depend on is alive and negative plate material plate material in electrolyte live dilute sulphuric acid solution () function, including plate under the lead of antimony alloy frame is made. Traditional battery in use process will happen, and this is the phenomenon of liquid reduction due to the gate of antimony can lead pollution on the plate, negative caused by excessive decomposition, a large number of water from negative oxygen and hydrogen to the plate to escape, electrolyte.
Battery is used calcium alloy manufacture, due to lead the battery using lead calcium alloy bars, so do the charging water quantity is little, water evaporation and low, plus the sealing structure, releasing the sulfuric gas is rare, so it is compared with the traditional battery, without adding any liquid, head of wires and cables, corrosion resistance, less body charging ability, starting current power stored for a long time, etc, in recent years in China is very popular.
The following is in use and maintenance of battery need some problems. 1 long battery, it will not, by slowly. Until the discharge, Therefore, every time should start a car, for battery. Another way is to be drawn on the battery electrodes, should pay attention to the electrode plucked from pillar to the positive and negative electrode wire to root out, or unload line under negative anode and automobile chassis connected. Then with a positive sign out (+), on the other side of the battery has certain service life, to certain period should be replaced. In the same order, but should follow the above the electrode connected up in order, in contrast, first, and then pick up the positive anode. 2 when the ammeter pointer indicates that power is not enough, storage battery timely. The storage battery power can be reflected in the dashboard. Sometimes, the way of the engine that enough power, and can’t start, remove provisional measures as to other vehicles, can help with their vehicles to launch vehicle, storage battery anode and cathode two, positive and positive.
3 the density of electrolyte, should according to the different regions, different season, according to the standard for the corresponding adjustment.
4 in the kui electrolyte should supplement distilled water or special rehydration. Do not use drinking water instead. Because water in contains many kinds of microelements, adverse impact on batteries will.
5 the car, without intermission to use to start by excessive discharge and damage to the battery. The correct use of time to launch vehicle is time – not more than 5 seconds, restart interval of not less than 15 seconds. In times of the car is not start from the situation, oil circuit ignition coil or other aspects for reason.
6 daily traffic should check whether the cover the holes. If the battery cover the holes blocked, produce hydrogen and oxygen to row, electrolyte expands, the battery can be broken shells, affect battery life.
7. Check the battery of positive and negative level without oxidation signs. Can use hot runner battery wire connection often.
8. Check without aging or circuit each part of the circuit. Avoid excessive discharge and early retirement because.