Last week cycle has stabilises, stock market activity also appeared to a certain extent, the strong strands in before the crash in the rebound as pioneer role. Nevertheless, we believe that China’s overall policy from the perspective of low-carbon economy, market will become a new plate or excitement.
The government’s power to energy saving and emission reduction BaoFaShi growth. Industry
Last November, the Chinese government has declared that by 2020, China’s GDP unit carbon emissions will be lower than in 2005, while 40-50% in December in Denmark Copenhagen’s global climate summit meeting without an efficient binding agreement due to climate warming, but the emission requirements are all common aspiration, future efforts won’t because the emission thwarted and weaken the climate conference. For international duty, the Chinese government will do, to make any awake by 2010, China will enter low-carbon economy era blew the trumpet mede, new energy is low-carbon economy, the main component can be expected in the next decade, new energy industry in China to the industry, explosive growth in China’s economic structure will occupy more important strategic position.
The new energy vehicles can develop lithium batteries
The new energy industry involving many sons, suggest investors focus on lithium battery industry. Lithium battery belongs to the new material, it is an important basis of electric batteries, new energy and materials automobile is the national strategic industry, is developing vigorously support state of strategic industries. According to the state council issued the revitalization of automobile industry, the adjustment plan until 2011, China will become the new energy vehicles 500,000 cars capacity. The new energy vehicles for passenger car total sales volume of 5%. Planning and drafting experts predict 2012, hybrid car quantities will reach 500,000, pure electric quantities will reach 100,000 cars. By 2020, China hybrid cars will reach 18 million functions, pure electric quantities will reach 400 million vehicles. Therefore, we can imagine the future of new energy vehicles will be welcomed spectacular growth, how it will give a new energy vehicles battery brings infinite space for development. This country is expected to start the new energy, supporting policies, such as the development of new energy automobile car purchase allowances, new energy automobile development planning in succession, this will be released in the national power grid, southern power grid is beginning to push the new energy vehicles all gas station construction.
Lithium battery stock perched short-term metaphase games
Notable is, according to the relevant experts, intelligent network planning will be put into new energy vehicles station planning category. Therefore, the new energy vehicles can be expected this year there will be lots of policy dividend. From the disk, lithium battery related stocks in the middle of January a wave of Lord rises in price wave, though, these firms’ share prices plunged during also appeared in some adjustment, but later this week, prices began to active. Considering the February time is short, to march, low carbon economy will get more attention, it will greatly stimulate, and share prices are expected to be relevant policies, therefore, the company’s share price rises and several wave the future market, investors can appropriate waves, choosing timing, meet new Lord rises in price wave.

Battery base, with days can ZhangTianRen board chairman group China’s new energy battery prospects, to communicate and vice President, vice President YangYuanLing group RenAnFu engineer, chief investment officer WangZhiKun and Chinese famous electrochemical expert dr gaoping cao join the discussion. Academician Yang, from the country, and that the national interests and the economic development of China’s new energy to consider global development of batteries. Lithium battery of future development foreground is very good, but the existing main problems are battery and safety of lead-acid batteries, electric cars and storage in a battery, the key is to continue to do technical progress and environmental protection work.
Lead-acid batteries, can have a new life
Academician Yang, lead-acid batteries, and experience 150 years of nickel cadmium in batteries, nickel hydrogen battery, lithium ion batteries battery listed as one of the few decades, still can firmly occupy most of market share, Our electric bicycle with nearly 200 million vehicles, most with lead-acid batteries, The world of internal combustion engines, each one with a piece of lead-acid batteries, it is no accident. Besides the mature technology and cheap price, higher grid security of traditional prominent advantages, and its recent development in competition in a lot of new technology is closely related to such as 3d and double three-dimensional structure electrode and the sealed and tube type of new structure, and etc. Use new lead alloy electrode, can promote the gradual increase energy, cicyle life as 45 times. Lead-acid battery “and” one of the latest technology. Say so, not obsolete lead-acid batteries, a new technology lead-acid batteries.
What is the lead-acid battery “super”? So-called “super lead-acid batteries,” UltraBattery, supercapacitor and parallel lead-acid batteries can be called “the use of (for), and” within “and” evolution, is the ratio of electric power capacitor, long life to the advantage of lead-acid batteries, keep improving “, and “power, extend battery life, and the advantages of the circuit and enhance can simplify than energy, and decrease the total cost. It has great development in China is the electric bicycle and the electric car, will produce the huge economic efficiency and the social efficiency. Lead-acid battery “super” key technology has two, one is suitable for sulfuric acid electrolyte high-performance capacitance carbon materials, 2 it is to lead anode carbon capacitance of the composite.
In the new technology of lead-acid batteries, the energy can raise to more than 60-80wh/kg, power can improve to 600-700w, which is close to the technical index of lithium batteries.
863 plan should support the lead-acid battery technology development
Recently, the American President Obama announced that funding support us $2.4 billion project development the next generation of 48 battery and motor “production, including the arrangement of lead-acid batteries, respectively 3430 million dollars and $32.5 million support two companies develop lead-acid battery” project “. It is remarkable, the plan did not mention hydrogen battery and fuel cells.
For this YangYuSheng academician of the monk “exotic,” to chant “Buddha” touched on lead-acid batteries, no bias, should be a solid support a lead-acid batteries. Yang academician suggest that China should be clearly 863 plan lead-acid battery “support”, not hesitate. Therefore, he suggested that the government took 45 million RMB (about 1 in 10 U.S. support), 2, 3 production – research, plus 1 matching funds, enterprise with two years of lead-acid battery “developed” super and capacitance and form a certain scale, the production capability. This is coping with a financial crisis, one of the best move of stimulating domestic demand.
Lithium battery is the development direction of the future, but still waits for the enhancement
Yang academician think li-ion battery is a very good development direction, but at first to solve the security problem and qualified.
Lithium electricity safety has been for worry. 2009 handset lithium battery explosion in China, three seven times, technically, handset lithium battery relatively simple, not the problem, in parallel series. According to understand, handset lithium battery energy is probably 2wh, according to international statistics, probability of explosion is one thousand and one bus lithium battery energy is probably 20 million wh, if press watts hours and handset lithium battery, the probability of explosions could be 1%, it is the problem that nots allow to ignore. Lithium battery industry to solve problems, the battery safe future consequence is unimaginable. What is good, or security, an important industry professionals to attention is important.
The second is the rate of lithium batteries. Besides large capacity of lithium ion battery technology to improve, even further improve ZhengPinLv.
Most saving electric cars
The development of electric vehicle is the bottleneck, rather than simple concept of technology. In all kinds of electric cars, pure electric cars: one is the biggest advantage, 100 million cars with pure electric cars daily about alternative gasoline 1 million tons, 2 is pollution-free, All fees (3 + energy prices are less likely than fuel for cars, Four is simple structure, no oil and water, use, convenient maintenance, 5 is the battery can be in night cheap “electrical power lines and ready-made charging, sell the valley of” power “(mainly nuclear power and power grid” for peak “, and scattered saves storage hydropower construction.
China should great-leap-forward development priority, a charge can drive 150-200 kilometers of pure electric cars.
In addition, applied to various power battery electric vehicle development space, have to “the various battery, fair competition”.
Lead-acid batteries in the new energy storage areas in the competition scale advantages
China’s new energy development comes out, the academician Yang lead-acid batteries in scale, storage areas of competition advantages. In the new energy storage battery domain, its insiders have completed the lead-acid batteries used for long cycle life power storage system test. This system is connected with the overall power supply system, the peak load regulating operation. Test power storage system, three units respectively, and the most high 400kW 100kW 100kW and continuous operation, the two and a half years, battery voltage drop, increase the voltage difference problems, such as well. Confirm the lead-acid battery power storage system.
At the same time, the development of new energy storage battery must consider cost and life, stable performance and price of lead-acid batteries. China academy of military defense research and development center of chemical power has been accumulated military battery years, battery needs, overall research, technology development experience, pays special attention to the development of mass storage battery technology, especially the recommendation of lead-acid batteries in this field.
Lead-acid battery industry should notice to prevent lead pollution
People say that lead-acid batteries, often will lead pollution has said. Actually lead-acid battery is the highest in all cells and recovery of large enterprise production process has strictly control the lead. To solve the mining and smelting is lead the lead, batteries regeneration acid pollution, As long as the environmental protection department is responsible earnestly to implement environmental protection measures, enterprise value is not difficult to solve problems,.
Currently lead battery industry should strive to achieve from lead mining, batteries, old battery recycling operation, so can fully maximize reduce lead pollution. Why not pollute the environment of nuclear materials, nuclear power, because worried uranium from drilling to recycle and the whole process of environmental protection are doing very well. Lead-acid batteries can use nuclear power production chain of experience.
Another new lead-acid battery within the “super” lead than existing lead-acid battery is greatly reduced and the use of prolonging the workload and can reduce regeneration, these are conducive to alleviate the lead contamination directly.
Lead-acid battery production equipment to realize localization
Finally, the academician Yang spoke of lead-acid battery equipment problem. He said, now new lead-acid battery (for example, tubular cell) and old battery recycling business equipment many or import equipment. Expensive imported equipment, hamper the large-scale application. The battery enterprises in China imported production equipment, must consider as quickly as possible for the homemade equipment. Imported equipment is a very good opportunity, but also promote technological progress of China’s battery industry. Down the prices of the equipment, enterprise can adopt advanced don’t pollute equipment. Hope China lead-acid battery industry professionals working together, from drilling to old battery in the whole process of early recovery plan to promote, relevant equipment.

Battery invented in 1800, get inspiration from a frog. When the battery, the battery has a positive and negative, batteries have these material itself, wait, we see these materials are introduced, the battery chemistry and physics, we saw two general battery chemistry, all physical power, such as wind power and so on. Lithium battery is the best batteries, non-toxic, non-polluting because he. Battery looks simple, but not so simple production. The battery in daily life is very much, for example with the mouse and keyboard wireless radio projector, etc, in daily life family would also see, for example, electric toothbrush, medical equipment, cleaner, for example, have backup power electric wheelchair, etc. And satellite system, submarine shells, spacecraft, etc. In the usual remote control toy, there are many. In electric tool, electric weeding machines, etc. Bicycles, motorcycles, market looks very good growth. The whole world you are telling the environmental protection, the recent European blizzard is terrible. The world is the most mature technology of lithium battery technology, 31 years till now, lithium battery is our company. From here, look at the trend, high oil prices and the greenhouse effect, environmental protection, will accelerate the universalization of alternative energy, lithium batteries in all the most mature in alternative energy prices most advantage. This is used, the application from the core market potential, lithium seems endless. In low emissions from automobiles and action electronic equipment, growing global lithium battery market scale from 2009 6,000 billion yen – 2018 3.2 trillion yen about 320 million dollars. This is the circular lithium battery market share, but governments, lithium batteries manufacturing investment reward strongly supported by the lithium battery industry. The government invested a lot of money, including mainland government. Several major markets, notebook computers, the average annual growth market more than 20%, 2010 NB industry needs about 12.2 billion tree battery core. This is the electric tools, electric tools, compared with the growth of financial tsunami, because after the house doesn’t sell, house doesn’t sell, will not bother to change electric tools.
This is the energy markets, this is a new energy, the battery is one of them, and power generation, thermal power, etc. As the wind, stored, so as to use after such an energy market. Here is a worthy says, is China LED the estimate, China association of the solar year will be LED lamp opportunities 80 million yuan. In terms of technology, said the technology is very difficult battery, the battery world most to have several promising very very slowly, because he has a patent right, you must pay.
The battery manufacture process, have a very strict process, a fire will lose money, there are a lot of equipment to you, investment is very big, there are a lot of equipment, equipment are very expensive. World only Japan did well, other countries are not. South Korea now also many enterprises in mainland China, may also enter the trade, I think few years almost. For example, a factory 52 million three lines to nt $. Investment.
Where the application to the future? It is widely used. In the basic necessities entertainment, wireless light, solar charger, solar houses, and the curtain on a fine line is solar cell, lock up, according to the sun, can be an evening with, this is a new business to invest. And electronic distance medical equipment, wireless digital terminals, receiving, storing solar car roof for solar panels, can be applied in road supply air conditioning, auxiliary power and fuel vehicles pure. This is the lamp, solar lights are LED lamp or other, global 1.81 billion in 2008, 2009 1.93 billion, to do the business can invest.
This is the main hall, kaohsiung solar power for 70%. This great gathering, use the solar energy to supply electric light, electricity without turn after home. This is the robot, everyone watched on television. A miniature projection, miniature projection is a big business, after the meeting, the book on hand, very convenient. And individual light vehicle, city, short-range electric bike instead of many tools and motorcycles, this is the most troublesome problem of electric charge is. This is a model car, and home to the storage system, can put, using off-peak electricity from home and the solar power equipment redundant power company to recycle. With wireless connection resonance energy with notebook, go to the airport or room, it will need to recharge the battery power consumption,.
The application of electric, you might like to listen to this, the more extensive application in petroleum, electricity, relatively cheap oil will drop, but price. With the daily vehicle purchase, energy consumption and cost, including taxes on petrol car cheaper than EV at least 25% above. Now the price of petrol and looks electric car prices are not much difference. Electric cars have a gold to pay nearly 400,000 cars scale, lithium battery cost space far outweigh the nimh batteries. Lithium battery will become the mainstream of new car energy by 2020, and the market will exceed EV battery to $18 billion, will grow to the number of EV 1300 million above. EV “supply shortage of lithium battery core of risk, special vehicle has large trend of lithium battery core, in the next five years 18650 specifications of lithium battery core will still be EV optimal choice. Over 50 more manufacturers, core research into EV 14 major manufacturers have made here. We are one.
Lithium battery electric car research direction, safety and battery life, the price range for EV fast charging core research need 5 main consideration. The ideal is high electric safety long endurance, rapid charging, so right now, not a core materials or formula can satisfy the requirement of the car factory. Now is the experimental stage, the application of new material is the development of countermeasures to meet performance. From a hybrid car to the high power density. Besides the new materials, new technology and manufacturing cost requirements, the core is large. EV battery core and core modules, equal to have large trend, lower cost and efficiency of assembly parts, efficiency, core or module integration design can improve assembly efficiency. This is the trend of motor.
In the development of this kind of business models have? Will integrate, integrating upstream and downstream industry factory, mine is to cause body and equipment manufacturing, down into integration system is developed with the integration of vehicle manufacturers, battery management system, the development of the manufacturing capacity battery module. Low cost, high safety factory for outstanding performance, lithium battery power is strong, life and high safety. A few cooperation pattern, the main motor is long and core directly cooperation model that now, almost all the world by this pattern. For example, SONY, NEC, etc.
Probably know how. Batteries, Our company 21.28 million nt $, but it is more famous in Taiwan is, the group, our company was established in 1998, in 2000, the company bought Canada became a worldwide company, now is 2.5 million production scale. Our factory is now about 1,000 employees, the product is just about everyone see, is worth talking us through the U.S. military and Canada, this is the authentication of military worldwide first. Energy in the past three years, the average growth rate is 30% over the past ten years, the world first we had no major incidents, the worst is the SONY, compare our product is the most stable. Although we are not the biggest, but our market share of the global power tools. We have several successful cases, we have light car, electric cars. We also do business with us, for the submarine deep-sea submarines. And various types of storage system, electric machine tools, MILWAUKEE and cooperation in 2004. This is our general electronic products. Our product has 4 series, industry, we provide customer service of the institutionalization of attention is quality first, safety first, although our price is more expensive, but very stable product is very good. Our advantage, the core of the patent project for $100 to the patent technology all relevant patents, safety and future-oriented, have rich approximately 400mah formula, electrolyte formula. This is our development of more than 6 years experience in developing core and electric module. This is our offer for EV customer service projects, from the group to cover the electrolyte has patented safety design, process and quality exclusive into consistency is guaranteed.
The future development of “innovation” create “blue ocean”, we grasp three big key technology, developing from the negative level materials prescription, electrolyte formula developed into powder, complete self-control, patent no leakage, from research to produce consistent quality, safety and security, key equipments to ensure production technology, autonomy and reduce cost. Outflows, We hope the future to 100 million yuan, has a certain stage of development needs. We hope that the future can be towards the leading brand of car battery, expand the market opportunities. Other energy-storage So the battery business grow larger. So now make the investment to reason, we maintain fifth-biggest factory of city science and technology can share, for the most massive $lithium factory, 2010 after completion of the month, more than 1,000 million trees can fifth-biggest factory, situated.

Lithium battery can provide higher energy (about) 800mWh/cm3 lithium battery has strong ability of charged load capacity and maintain lithium batteries. Longer operating time and high voltage application of camera 3V is very important. Equipped with the latest generation of automatic function, high energy and the mean camera is required in the load increases, so modern camera lithium battery is best choice.
What type of battery can be used to watch?
Various button batteries can be used to watch, the choice is silver oxide, electrochemical materials can be used in the battery type specification of the watch. Generally speaking, similar to the table and simple digital watches device can use this table low consumption of batteries. Besides the silver oxide, alkali manganese manganese batteries in and can also be used to watch. Button batteries manganese base is cheap watches of the most commonly used batteries. This is the same type of battery later silver oxide button batteries. Silver button batteries oxygen compounds is that it has the advantage of constant voltage (can keep the exact time and high capacity, long working hours) another lithium electricity button batteries can also be used in table will further (it can be used for multi-function table). Use this USES button batteries have CR2025 20mm diameter and height of 2.5 mm, different size, total have 12 kinds of different diameter and height.
The battery can be recycled?
Alkaline battery charging manganese circular 20 times, but this is different from secondary battery charging process. Because they could not like real rechargeable batteries, under normal circumstances, depth discharge only a partial discharge. Therefore only part of rechargeable battery commonly called “the way to regenerate the real difference in secondary battery charging. Actually, the charging and discharging limitations and short cycle life determines the alkaline batteries when the regeneration of manganese was not economic. To guarantee the success of manganese alkaline batteries, must meet the following condition regeneration in discharge rate under the condition of the battery will moderate the initial discharge capacity, while discharging at 30% should be no less than 0.8 V, regeneration. When the discharge capacity than 30%, manganese dioxide produced from renewable further. Capacity of 30% and discharging voltage 0.8 V with proper monitoring equipment to monitor, but these devices most consumers are not. 2. Users can buy a charger to regenerate. Other charger, such as ni-mh/ni-cd battery charger cannot be used to charge alkali manganese, because their batteries charging electric current is too high, may cause battery internal produce gas, if gas out of valve, will leakage. If the valve, and even explode in the production process (such as poor mold rare) but it will happen, and especially not correctly use the battery. 3 the time needed for regeneration (about 12 hours) is beyond the discharge time (about 1 hour). 4. 20 cycle of your battery capacity will be 50% of the initial capacity 5 for a given equipment need three more battery connection, if the battery capacity, regeneration and other problems will occur, which may cause the battery voltage into negative if the regeneration of cells, and will not ever use the battery is used together will be more dangerous. Battery reversal causes battery has generated internally generated hydrogen, high risk, causing leakage or explosion. Long battery regeneration, not only economic risked certain danger, to avoid the danger is best, with no use a battery or secondary battery (battery) don’t regenerate a battery.
Can I use rechargeable batteries 1.2 V portable instead of 1.5 V alkali manganese batteries?
When the battery voltage of manganese base discharge in the range 1.5 V decompression, and between V rechargeable battery voltage when discharge constant 1.2 V/teams, the voltage and alkali manganese voltage average voltage roughly equal, so use rechargeable batteries instead of alkali manganese battery is feasible, and vice versa.
Whether a battery alkali manganese zinc carbon than the discharge for a long time?
When the battery voltage of manganese base discharge in the range 1.5 V decompression, and between V rechargeable battery voltage when discharge constant 1.2 V/teams, the voltage and alkali manganese voltage average voltage roughly equal, so use rechargeable batteries instead of alkali manganese battery is feasible, and vice versa.
Whether a battery alkali manganese zinc carbon than the discharge for a long time?
Batteries, alkali manganese zinc carbon is long battery discharge. The same size of manganese base of energy capacity battery is twice as carbon zinc batteries. And the load power than zinc carbon batteries. The battery is especially suitable for continuous discharge, low power for the equipment (such as transistor radio) or don’t need continuous discharge equipment (such as flash) zinc carbon batteries are still the best choice inexpensive. In high load and load time, had better not exceed 5 minutes. More expensive alkali manganese battery will not exist this limitation.

According to the working nature of chemical battery can be divided into: a battery (original battery), Secondary battery (rechargeable batteries battery). Including: the battery can be divided into: paste type xinmeng battery, the battery, the alkaline cardboard zinc manganese manganese zinc button batteries, zinc silver button batteries, button batteries, lithium manganese manganese zinc battery, zinc air, lithium manganese batteries etc. Secondary batteries can be divided into: nickel cadmium in batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium ion battery, the second alkaline battery xinmeng. Lead-acid battery can be divided into: open battery, the battery airtight.

What is the zinc – manganese dry?

Zinc and manganese battery of – the club (Leclanche) battery Abram, French scientists, Leclanche Abram clubs (1868) invented by zinc Zn (anode) MnO (2), manganese dioxide for positive, electrolyte solution adopts neuter chloride (NH 4 C1), zinc (2) solution, ZnC1 surface starch or plasma sheet for isolation layer of cells called xinmeng battery electrolyte solution, because its are usually made by a gelatinous or in other carrier flow condition, and not again say xinmeng dry. By using isolation layer into paste and plate, plate and two battery electrolyte solution according to different points of ammonium zinc and batteries cardboard battery two kinds.

What is the basic xinmeng batteries?

Refers to the middle of 20th century in xinmeng batteries developed on the basis of the battery, zinc is improved. The battery potassium hydroxide (KOH) or NaOH aqueous NaOH (do), adopted with electrolytic manganese zinc battery cathode structure, instead of anode paste, use, as do set fluid, copper nail, active substances and positive conductive materials into rings and battery anode connections, positive, shell with special separated into the battery. Diaphragm

What elements constitute the battery?

Any kind of cell consists of four basic components, four main components are two different material of electrode, electrolyte, diaphragm and housing.

What is green batteries?

In recent years has been put into use means being developed and a high performance, pollution-free, including battery has been put into use nickel metal hydride batteries, lithium ion battery, is to promote the use of mercury-free alkali xinmeng original battery, and fuel cell and solar cell (pv batteries), etc.

What is the lead-acid battery?

In 1859 France plant (Plante) found that by plate, plate, electrolyte, partition, containers (battery tank) five basic components. As with pbo2 anode material, lead anode for active substances, sulfuric acid as electrolyte, microporous rubber, sintering type, PVC, glass fiber and polypropylene, etc. Of the batteries made clapboard

What is the nickel cadmium battery and metal hydrid batteries?

Both QingYangHuaNie nickel or by oxidation, make positive potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide solution as electrolyte solution, metal cadmium or metal hydride as negative. Metal hydride batteries for the end of 1980s, using hydrogen absorbing alloy and release hydrogen response is made, the invention of electrochemical reversible small secondary battery products.

What is the lithium battery?

Refers to the lithium metal lithium or compounds for active substances lithium battery, the battery appellative lithium battery and once divided into lithium batteries.

What is the lithium ion battery?

Refers makes lithium ion embedding and the carbon materials instead of pure embedded as negative, lithium, lithium compounds for positive mixed electrolytes as electrolyte solution of batteries.

What is the fuel cell?

Refers to a hydrogen fuel (such as using or hydrogen fuel) and antioxidant (such as pure oxygen or the oxygen in air) connected directly to the power. It has high efficiency and electrochemical reactions conversion efficiency can reach 40%, and pollution-free characteristics of gas discharge.

The main ingredients: chemical battery

What is the zinc?

Zinc is a grey metallic blue, microstrip. Symbols, Zn, atomic number 30 July 14 cm 3 g/proportion 419.5 degrees Celsius, boiling point, Zn, widely used in 907 Celsius electroplating industry and made of brass, zinc powder is organic synthetic industrial reuse reductant. Zinc in nature in the form of sphalerite, smelting, smelting and lead, cadmium, such as silver polymetallic coexist.

What is the manganese?

Natural manganese is a wide distribution of an element, accounts for about 0.085% weight of the earth’s crust, it mainly oxide forms exist. Manganese metal, silver is symbolic Mn, atomic number and proportion, and atomic weight 54.94 7.4 g / 3 cm, melting 1,250 degrees Celsius, is a kind of infusible metals. Manganese steel industry is indispensable in nature of the raw materials, mainly exists in ore.

What is the mercury?

Mercury called “mercury,” symbol, 200.6 atomic weight, Hg commercol silver-white color liquid metal, easy flow, density 13.546 g / 3 cm, melting 38.89 degrees Celsius degrees Celsius, mercury vapor 356.95 boiling inhaled human body produce chronic poisoning, mercury used to make electricity, widely used in scientific measuring instruments.

What is the nickel?

Nickel silver metal, symbol for 58.69 atomic weight, density, Ni 8.902 g / 3 cm. Nickel metal alloy with many, and iron for alloy to manufacture special steel, the industry in modern are widely use.

What is?

Cadmium is silver-white metal soft, symbols, atomic number 48, Cd 112.41 atomic weight, density, chinas piracy rateoverthree g / 3 cm 767.3 boiling point, 320.9 degrees Celsius. Cadmium zinc mainly exists in all kinds of ores, cadmium, strong corrosion resistance of low melting point, electric conductivity, excellent in industrial use extremely broad.

What is the lithium?

Lithium metal is silvery white, Li, atomic number 3, 6.94 atomic weight, lithium soft and vulnerable to air oxidation and darker, normally stored in liquid paraffin, is the largest proportion of light and heat of the metal. Can be obtained in atomic energy industry, lithium alloys have important applications.

Chemical battery by electrochemical reactions, refers to the positive and negative and active substances, the chemical energy into electrical energy type of device. After long-term research and development, the chemical battery ushered in a variety of applications, the situation. To a building can accommodate a huge device, small to millimeters. For our good ever-present service life. Modern electronic technology development on chemical battery, put forward the high requirements. Every chemical battery technology breakthroughs, has brought the revolutionary development of electronic equipment. In modern society, the People’s Daily life, daily chemical and leave the battery. Now the world, scientists in many electrochemical concentration of power in a chemical battery electric vehicle.
Dry and liquid battery
Dry and liquid battery to distinguish the development of early battery period. The earliest battery electrolyte by full of glass containers and two electrodes. Later introduced to paste on the basis of battery electrolyte, also known as dry.
Still have “liquid” battery. General is very huge volume of varieties. If those as uninterrupted power supply of large-scale fixed type and solar battery or supporting the use of the battery. For mobile devices, some use is sealed, maintenance of the battery, the battery has successful use of for many years, including the electrolyte sulfuric acid by silica gel is fixed or fiberglass clapboard suck.
Disposable battery and rechargeable batteries
Non-rechargeable batteries commonly known as “with the” battery, the battery because they cannot charge after use, can only be discarded. Common non-rechargeable batteries included alkali manganese manganese zinc battery, the battery, lithium batteries, zinc, zinc empty battery, the battery, the battery zinc mercury, hydrogen battery and mercury magnesium manganese batteries.
Rechargeable batteries made by different materials and techniques, common have lead-acid battery, nickel cadmium battery, nickel and iron batteries, nimh batteries, lithium ion battery. Its advantages are long life cycle, they can charge 200 times, some rechargeable batteries load power than most non-rechargeable batteries. Ordinary nickel cadmium, used nimh batteries, special memory effects caused by the use of inconvenience, often in advance, caused by failure.
The battery charging theory
The battery charging time: the theory of power by the battery charger current output.
Example: in a power for 800MAH battery charger, for example, the output current for charging time equals 500MA so 800MAH / 500MA = 1.6 hours, when completed, the best charging to battery of about half an hour or so electrical time.
Fuel cells
The fuel cell is a kind of fuel energy through electrochemical reaction directly into electricity device using hydrogen fuel cell is in the anode oxidation reaction is oxidized hydrogen, oxygen and hydrogen ions, in response to the cathode, and reduction of hydrogen ions by anodic came with formation water. REDOX reaction process can generate electricity. Fuel cell technology including the fuel cell (AFC) alkaline acid, fuel cell (PAFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC solid oxide fuel cell), (SOFC), and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), which, as a positive reaction using methanol oxidation reaction of fuel cell technology, which was good and positive development of industry.

“Not included”, batteries have received a new toy, remember these words to your profile package of cold? Grow up, our high-tech “toys” becomes increasingly complex and attractive. But drive their battery principle did not change.
If so?
Intelligent network (Smartgrids), hybrid, renewable energy is popular environmental protection technology, but behind the scenes, the chemist and engineers are committed to cut out the ecological effect. The batteries, Recent hydroxyl oxidation nickel, olivine type enables lithium iron and nickel line, lithium battery chemistry technology to make the breakthrough of digital products up tomorrow history but the problem of alkali/manganese dioxide AA battery.
NiOOH (hydroxyl oxidation nickel or NiOx) battery has been available for several years, but, like the alkaline battery anode system based on nickel to produce higher voltage (1.7 V, alkaline battery for 1.5 V). NiOx batteries commonly used for high power applications (such as a digital camera or portable gaming products), to provide equivalent alkaline batteries twice. But in the remote control, low power consumption, etc NiOx battery life and alkaline batteries.
SONY’s recent first will the technology of lithium ion battery variant commercialization. The technology developed by the U.S. researchers, using phosphoric acid lithium iron type olivine LiFePO4 (anode) as.
SONY’s recent first will the technology of lithium ion battery variant commercialization. The technology developed by the U.S. researchers, using phosphoric acid lithium iron type olivine LiFePO4 (anode) as. SONY will new anode materials with a maximum of decreases resistance can be combined design technology patent particles, 1800W 3.3 kg/V output and power density of rechargeable batteries design, have longevity, in 2000 after filling/discharge wheel remained 80% initial capacity. The battery has rapid charging ability (30 minutes to 99%), and filling in the use of stable discharging voltage.
The battery has been applied in some powerful tool for SONY, and in practical application in positive feedback.
The earliest LiFePO4 patent technology by the university of Texas JohnGoodenough and team in 1996. LiFePO4 for solving the lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganese oxide lithium ion battery structure, low rate of discharge to the problem of short life cycle was designed.
LiFePO4 is a kind of high stability, scientists believe it can materials used in countless consumption level from mobile phones, and products of rechargeable batteries applied to electric cars etc. Large. XueFoLai (220 Volt listing by core lithium ion battery).
Peridot structure of LiFePO4 let grid than other cell structure deformation more small, bring better discharge process. Therefore the materials circulation of LiFePO4 extremely long life, also shows excellent storage life. It can endure oxidation and acidic environments.
Battery, the battery LiFePO4 safety at 300 ° C to structure of 500 ° C, high temperature stability, still can maintain the highest can withstand 700 ° C. In the extreme temperatures, other lithium battery will cracking even explosions.
The rapid charging LiFePO4, long life significantly to environmental protection. Electric car battery will also gain LiFePO4 by charging more long distance running after launch, hope the Volt products and competitive automobile manufacturers might be interested.
The new nanowires batteries gradually with rapist
Another promising lithium batteries battery is covered with line, line of nano silicon steel positive to replace traditional lithium-ion batteries graphite anode. Silicon can store of lithium ten times more than the graphite, that power density increases. Batteries, increase total quality of surface allowing faster/discharge rate.
Battery anode steel surface covered by the shrinkage/expansion of silicon line output power. Charging process, silicon line of lithium battery atomic absorption, after the expansion, In the process of discharging lithium ion, silicon online sucked the linear contractive, silicon.
Traditional, simple silicon positive study began in thirty years ago. When scientists decided to give up, because this kind of material in silicon to split up when lithium absorption, damaged, positive capacity is too weak to support further study.
Researchers at Stanford university problem is used when judging the shape of silicon.
Now to the method for paper thickness in diameter is a thousandth of nanostructures. Tree The new nanowires absorption volume expansion to normal after the lithium is four times the condition, but the silicon anode won’t break or damage.
The new nanowires cell researchers are looking for a proper anode materials, and silicon anode nets matching filling/discharge capacity, which fully shows the technology in energy storage density of outstanding progress. Stanford university, assistant professor of materials science and engineering YiCui is leadership team, they develop the positive technology that five years later the new nanowires lithium ion rechargeable battery technology can realize the comprehensive commercial.
Above a few technology is just the start of the study, with deep battery to electronic products, players can expect battery life than toy itself life that day.

Solar energy is the inexhaustible renewable energy. Also clean energy, do not produce any pollution. In the effective use of solar energy, Can use is the sun arises in photoelectric the fastest, most vigorous development of research field, is one of the most of the project.

Make solar battery is mainly based on semiconductor materials, its working principle is using photoelectric material absorb the light after conversion reaction, according to the photoelectric from different materials and solar cell can be divided into: 1, silicon solar battery, 2 and inorganic salt as gallium arsenide III – V compounds, cadmium sulphide, copper indium selenium, multiple compound material for the battery, 3 and the sun arises functional polymer battery can, 4 and nanocrystalline solar battery, etc.

A, silicon solar battery

1 silicon solar cells work principle and structure

Solar power is the main principle of the photoelectric effect, semiconductor semiconductor main structure is as follows:

In the figure, the positive and negative silicon atom says that in the next round of four electronic silicon atom.
When the silicon crystals of adding other impurities, such as boron, phosphorus, when adding boron, silicon crystals will exist in a hole, it can refer to form below:

In the figure, the positive and negative silicon atom says that in the next round of four electronic silicon atom. And yellow said adding of boron atom, because only three around boron atom electronic, so will produce the blue shown into the hole, this hole because no electronic and became very unstable, easy absorption and electronic form, and the lack of semiconductor (P).
Also, with phosphorus atoms, because the phosphorus, so there are five atom electronic it will have a very active, electronic form N (visitors) type semiconductor. Yellow is the nucleus, red phosphorus is redundant electronics. The diagram below.

N type semiconductor contains more cavities and P type semiconductor contains more electronic, so, when P type and N type semiconductor together, will be in contact DianShiCha form, this is PN junction.

When P type and N type semiconductor together, in two kinds of semiconductor boundary region will form a special thin layer), the interface of the P type side negatively charged MMH, N side. This is due to the P type semiconductor cavity, N type semiconductor more than free electrons, appeared concentration. The electronic will spread to N, P the cavitation zone P will spread to N area, once the diffusion is formed by a point P “N”, to prevent inside field spread. After the balance, formed a special form of thin layers, which is DianShiCha PN junction.

When the chips are light, PN junction, N type semiconductor cavity to P type, and moving toward the P type electronic n-type area movement, thus forming from n-type area to P type of current. Then DianShiCha formed in PN junction, which formed the power. (shown below),

Due to the semiconductor not good conductors of electricity and electronics in n and p – through after in the semiconductor, if the resistance is very big, the loss is very big. But if all painted in the upper metal, sunshine is not produced by current cannot use metal mesh, so usually covered p – n “(pictured), comb electrodes to increase the area of incident light.
Another very bright, silicon surface will be reflected off of sunlight, cannot be battery using. Therefore, the scientists give it painted with a layer of reflection coefficient of very small diaphragm (pictured), will reflect the loss to 5% even smaller. A battery can provide the current and voltage, after all, so people will be limited battery (usually many 36) parallel connection or use, form of solar photovoltaic plate.

2 the silicon solar cell production process

Usually the crystalline silicon solar cells in the thickness is 3.5-450 muon m high quality silicon wafer, and this made on from the ingot casting tiras or saw on.

The method of the actual amount of silicone material more. In order to save material, there were more than batteries by polysilicon film chemical vapor deposition, including chemical vapor deposition (low LPCVD) and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique process. In addition, the liquid phase epitaxy (LPPE) and sputtering method can also be used for preparation of polysilicon film batteries.

Chemical vapor deposition is mainly SiH2Cl2, SiHCl3, SiCl4 or SiH4, for certain gases under the protective atmosphere reacts silicon atom and deposition in the heat of the substrate is generally selected Si substrate materials, etc., Si3N4 and SiO2 But the study found that in the silicon substrate to form larger grain, and easy in grain formed between the gap. To solve this problem is to use LPCVD deposition in the substrate a thin layer of amorphous silicon, the layer of amorphous silicon layer of annealing, get bigger grain, and then again in the seeds deposited on the wafer polysilicon film thickness, therefore, recrystallization technology is an important part of the current technology, main solid-phase crystallization and central melting recrystallization method. Poly membrane batteries used in recrystallization processes, almost all other USES for preparation of monocrystalline silicon solar energy cell technology, so that the solar cell can obviously improve the efficiency of conversion.

3 and nanocrystalline chemical solar cells

In silicon solar cells in the development of solar battery is undoubtedly the most mature, but due to the high cost, cannot satisfy the requirement of large-scale promotion application. Therefore, people have been constantly in technology, the new material, the battery film etc are explored, and the recent development of nanometer TiO2 energy crystal solar cell and scientists.

To dye sensitization nanocrystal solar battery (for example, this DSSCs) battery including transparent conductive film coated glass of basement, dye sensitization semiconductor materials, such as electrolyte of electrode parts.

As shown, white, red balls ball TiO2 said that dye molecules. Dye molecules absorb solar energy transition to excited excited, unstable, electronic quickly into adjacent TiO2, dye with lost quickly from electrolyte of electronic is compensated, TiO2 into the electricity in the final with conductive film and then enter through the outer loop current generated.

Nano TiO2 crystal solar cell’s advantage is that it is cheap cost and simple technology and stable performance. The photoelectric efficiency in production cost, only 10% for silicon solar cell 1/5 ~ 10. Life can reach 20 years. But because of this research and development of the battery has just started, estimates that the future will be progressively market.

Anode: dye sensitization TiO2 film (film) semiconductor

The cathode: platinum coated conductive glass

Electrolytes I3: I – - /

Dye battery application model:

Four, dye sensitization TiO2 solar cells handmade

1 make tio2 membrane

(1) the titanium dioxide powder into mortar and binders grinding

(2) then glass rod slowly in the conductive glass on the coating

(3) tio2 membrane in alcohol under the lamp sintering 10 ~ 15 minutes, then cooling

2 for the use of natural dye tio2 colouring

As shown, fresh and frozen blackberries, ShanMei, pomegranate seed or black tea, plus a tablespoon of water and the titanium dioxide film extrusion, then put on coloring, about 5 minutes, until the membrane layer into purple, if both sides membrane layer of non-uniform, can put into soak 5 minutes, then wash with ethanol, and soft paper gently dry.

3. Make the positive electrode

The shaded by the dye for electronic outflow of TiO2 an anode (namely). The positive electrode can be conductive glass of conductive plane (coated with conductive SnO2 membrane layer), using a simple multimeter can judge the side of the glass is conductive, use finger can also make judgment, conductive face relatively coarse. As shown, the conductive surface marked ‘+’, then use a pencil in the conductive face evenly coated graphite.

4. Add electrolyte

Using the iodine ion of solar battery electrolyte solution as, it is mainly used for reduction and regeneration of dyes. As shown on the membrane surface in titanium, add one to two drops electrolyte.

5 assembly batteries

After the coloring of tio2 membrane facing up on the table, in the film for one to two drops it drops containing iodine ion of electrolyte and iodine, then take the positive electrode conductive tio2 membrane facing down at. The two pieces of glass, use two little stagger the battery clamps, two pieces of glass exposed wires connected to the part. So, you just made of solar cells.

6 batteries testing

Outside the sunlight, detection you can generate electricity solar cells.

Because of various models of mobile phone attached to different causes, charger socket between each mobile phone charger not common. When the user mobile phone chargers damage or loss, cannot be repaired or buy less charger, cannot use the same key. Universal charger manufacturers see such opportunities, development and production of the mobile phone’s battery charger, the charger because of its small volume, convenient to carry, simple operation, low price, suitable for machine, deeply user’s welcome. Here in shenzhen Alexander tong industrial Co., LTD production of universal tong S538 universal charger for example, this paper introduces the working principle and maintenance method. The charger, in the market share and no random incidental to bring some maintenance diagram of difficulty, according to the work principle of surveying and mapping object, see figure for maintenance.
Universal tong S538 universal charger on exterior design is unique, the panel using transparent plastic production of elliptic clip, transparent plastic panel two fixed distance adjustable stainless steel electrode for charging reed. The rear side panel of one polarity switch switch (test) and the four lights, according to the state of user can adjust the charger electrode distance and the output voltage polarity, and can be easily seen by state indicator of charging battery.

A, principle of work

The charger circuit consists mainly of oscillating circuit, charging circuit, protect circuit, the input voltage AC220V, 50/60Hz, 40mA, output voltage DC4.2 V, output current 150mA in 180mA ~. In charge, first, connect to the rechargeable battery charger panel on whether the test indicator light? If the bright, correct polarity, can switch on the power, Otherwise, the battery charger output voltage polarity and the polarity is opposite, then need to click the polarity switch AN1 (test button). Specific circuit principle as follows.

1 oscillating circuit

This circuit consists mainly of transistor VT2 and switch transformer T1 etc. Switch on the power, communication 220V diode rectifier, VD2 half wave formed around run at 100V dc voltage. The voltage transformer by switching the primary windings 1 T added to transistor VT2 c extremely, meanwhile, the voltage by starting resistance is the R4 VT2 is provided a b bias voltage, make VT2 conduction. At this time, the transistor VT2 is composed of T1 and switch transformer intermittent oscillating circuit start working, switch transformer T 1-1 in current through the primary windings. Because of the positive feedback effect, in transformer windings of the 2-1 the voltage induced by the feedback resistance and capacitance R1 added C1, make the b VT2 transistor VT2 b very current flow, quick in saturated zone. With the capacitance C1 ends, voltage VT1 b voltage gradually lowered, make triode VT2 is gradually saturated zone, its from beginning to reduce collector current transformer T, 1-1 in the primary windings of flux also began to decrease. In transformer windings of the 2-1, the negative feedback voltage induction deadline, completing a rapid VT2 oscillation periods. During the globe in VT2 into the transformer windings is 1-3 induced a 5.5 V ac voltage, or as the recharging voltage level.

2 charging circuit

This circuit consists mainly of a RuanSu seal block IC1 (YLT539) and the transistor VT3 etc. From the 1-3 transformer windings induction of ac voltage 5.5 V VD3 diode rectifier, filter, output capacitance C3 a dc voltage (about 850 V), the voltage no-load part to VT3 triode e extremely, Another part of RuanSu to block sealing IC1 YLT539 (1), provide the job power. Integrated block IC1 job power after the start work, in its eight feet output low level, VT3 triode charging pulse conduction, dc voltage began to 8.5 V battery charging E.

As for the rechargeable battery E, 4.2 V lower voltage is the voltage resistance by sampling R11 R12 pressure, and add to the integration of six feet IC1 block, the lower voltage reference voltage IC1 integrated blocks the internal integrated blocks, 8 feet IC1 output level is lower, the transistor VT3 b extremely potential also lower the flux, the guide, dc voltage (8.5 V) by switching to cell polarity S1 fast charging E. Because of the integrated block IC1 2, 3, 4 feet and capacitance C4 common component oscillating circuit, the two feet of the output pulse vibration resistance to battery indicator R16 LED1 (green), the positive anode block received eight feet IC1. The battery just answer one circuit IC1, integrated block 8 feet output level is lower, the battery indicator light LED1 flashing. With rechargeable battery charging prolonged, the voltage, integrated block slowly IC1 eight feet slowly rising, charging output voltage LED1 lights flashing light become weak gradually.

When the battery E slowly when filling to 4.2 V, integrated block 6 feet IC1 also reached its internal potential reference voltage 1.8 V. At this time, the integrated circuit IC1 piece inside, make its eight feet moves voltage output level, VT3 triode, rechargeable lights no deadline LED1 flashing lights, and extinguished by LED2 (green) destroyed brighten.

3 voltage protection circuit

This circuit consists mainly of transistor VT1, diode VDZ1 etc.

Over-voltage protection: when the output voltage rises, in the 2-1 transformer windings of the inductive voltage feedback, capacitance increases by charging pressure. C2 When the capacitor voltage exceed voltage at C2 VDZ1 diode, the voltage stabilizing conduction, VDZ1 diode breakdown voltage, the base of transistor VT2 is low, make its conduction time shorten or quickly, the switch by coupling, transformer T1 secondary output voltage. Conversely, the output voltage, thus ensuring stable output voltage.

Over-current protection in the switch on the power, or when certain causes a moment when the current transistor VT2 in R5, R6, the pressure drop is big, make the over-current protection tube, VT1 conduction deadline, thus effectively prevent VT2 VT1 switch for current impulse and damage. Also on the resistance of the pressure drop, R6 make voltage capacitance C2 ends, over-current protection principle, process and the same voltage here not repeated. VT1 triode tube is over-current protection, R6 is VT2 R5, over-current protection of sampling.

Second, the common breakdown maintenance

Ex.1: connected with rechargeable batteries and power supply, power LED3 indicator lights and TEST pwi LED4 TEST bright, and LED1 charging and LED2 not bright lights, no voltage output, cannot give the battery.

Analysis: the fault is access oscillating circuit switch without work charger. In the actual repair process, found switch pipe resistance and VT2 is most damage R6. Normally, battery recharging circuit E working voltage, low probability of its component damage is not great, namely after subprime T1 transformer switch is the probability of damaged circuits.

Example 2: connected with rechargeable batteries and power supply, each state indicator shows normal, but is not charged rechargeable electric or longer.

Analysis: the fault is overhaul VT3 triode 8550 (with normal tube), after the change, can remove the faults. If VT3 triode, reoccupy table test capacitance C3 (100 mu F / 16V) ends in dc voltage, normal 8.5 V. If the voltage is normal, should check R7 resistance, integrated blocks or IC1 IC1 integrated blocks the normal parameters such as schedule. If the voltage, measure voltage transformer switch T1 subprime, normal in exchange 5.5 V. If the voltage is normal, capacitance C3 or rectifier diode VD3 damage, If the voltage transformer, should check switch before each element and its magnitude T1.

When there is no external power source conditions, if the working condition of PCMCIA groove, suggest the CARDS you remove the card so as to prolong the life time of the battery.
At room temperature (20-30 degrees) for the most appropriate battery working temperature, the temperature too high or too low operating environment will reduce battery time.
In may provide stable power supply environment using a notebook computer batteries, remove battery life can be extended by is not correct. HuaShuo notebook computer is concerned, when the battery power after the battery charging full recharging circuit will be closed, so it won’t happen overcharge phenomenon.
Suggestions for three months on average battery power correction action.
Minimize the use of the battery
The battery charging and discharging number directly related to the life, every time, batteries charging to move a step. Suggest you try to use external power supply,
Use external power supply should be taken down.
Some users often times in a day, and inserted power laptop battery, such doing, with more damage to the battery. Because each time the external power source to access to the battery, the battery is a natural SheShou.
After the power used for recharging and avoid charging for a long time
Regardless of your laptop or using lithium electricity nimh electricity, must be used after the battery charging power (1%), this is the best way to avoid memory effects. Li-ion battery will also have memory effects, but its memory effects than nimh smaller.
Peacetime use attention
In peacetime use to prevent insolation, prevent moisture, prevent erosion and avoid chemical liquid battery contacts with metal contact, etc.
When faced with:
Computers can correct boot disk boot, after finding time not correct, CMOS setup cannot save phenomena, can check whether the motherboard CMOS jumpers set to remove “CLEAR” option (usually 2-3), and if so, please will jump line “that” option (usually 1-2) and then reset.
If not, they jump line CMOS mistake probably because the mainboard batteries or damage caused by a lack of battery voltage, please change the mainboard battery try.
Generally speaking, the assembly of 3 years, 6 years of original.
The average price of $3-8. The diameter of the battery are motherboard according to the battery, 20 mm thickness into “CR2016″ CR2025 “CR2032″ several models. Almost all the mainboard batteries are CR2032…
On the mainboard battery life depends on the quality of battery, the battery in general users can choose to SONY.
Battery on condition is in charge at the computer shutdown, after the BIOS to discharge the related information in order to keep the BIOS (for example: the clock). This discharge is weak, so, if no damage to the battery is not meeting didn’t point.
If the battery damage, or not, the most direct normal use can be found where the problem is no longer operating system clock, if damaged, turning the BIOS displays relevant information, then the error of the computer will not enter operating system.